Hypothesis: Nanophase particles exhibit quantum behavior by virtue of their small size, being particles of gamma to x-ray wavelength [atomic range]. Such particles exhibit high frequencies, high energy/photon, high penetration power, high ionization power [atomic behavior] and are stable at low energy levels as opposed to bulk phase matter [macro particles] which exhibits higher wavelength [radio wave end] properties, hence lower frequency, lower energy/photon, lower penetration power, lower ionizing power and are less stable at low temperatures. The ‘unique’ behavioral motion of Nano systems will remain a mystery as long as quantum theory remains a mystery, and for pharmacology, pharmacovigilance profiling of Nano systems becomes virtually impossible. Quantum theory is the 4 – 3 – 5 electromagnetic law of life and life motion systems on planet earth. Results: Electromagnetic [wave-particle] properties of all particulate matter changes as mass [bulkiness] changes from one phase to the next[Nano phase to micro phase to milliphase to meter phase to kilometer phase etc.] and the subsequent electromagnetic effect of one phase particle on bulk matter [different phase] changes from one phase to another. Discussion: All matter exhibits electromagnetic properties [wave particle duality] and the lower the wavelength [and bulkiness] the higher the gamma ray end properties and the higher the wavelength [and bulkiness], the more the radio-wave end properties. Recommendation: Quantum age is overdue. Hypothesis: Nanophase particles exhibit quantum behavior by virtue of their small size, being particles of gamma to x-ray wavelength [atomic range]. Such particles exhibit high frequencies, high energy/photon, high penetration power, high ionization power [atomic behavior] and are stable at low energy levels as opposed to bulk phase matter [macro particles] which exhibits higher wavelength [radio wave end] properties, hence lower frequency, lower energy/photon, lower penetration power, lower ionizing power and are less stable at low temperatures. The ‘unique’ behavioral motion of Nano systems will remain a mystery as long as quantum theory remains a mystery, and for pharmacology, pharmacovigilance profiling of Nano systems becomes virtually impossible. Quantum theory is the 4 – 3 – 5 electromagnetic law of life and life motion systems on planet earth. Results: Electromagnetic [wave-particle] properties of all particulate matter changes as mass [bulkiness] changes from one phase to the next[Nano phase to micro phase to milliphase to meter phase to kilometer phase etc.] and the subsequent electromagnetic effect of one phase particle on bulk matter [different phase] changes from one phase to another. Discussion: All matter exhibits electromagnetic properties [wave particle duality] and the lower the wavelength [and bulkiness] the higher the gamma ray end properties and the higher the wavelength [and bulkiness], the more the radio-wave end properties. Recommendation: Quantum age is overdue.
Hypothesis: Nanophase particles exhibit quantum behavior by virtue of their small size, being particles of gamma to x-ray wavelength [atomic range]. Such particles exhibit high frequencies, high energy/photon, high penetration power, high ionization power [atomic behavior] and are stable at low energy levels as opposed to bulk phase matter [macro particles] which exhibits higher wavelength [radio wave end] properties, hence lower frequency, lower energy/photon, lower penetration power, lower ionizing power and are less stable at low temperatures. The ‘unique’ behavioral motion of Nano systems will remain a mystery as long as quantum theory remains a mystery, and for pharmacology, pharmacovigilance profiling of Nano systems becomes virtually impossible. Quantum theory is the 4 – 3 – 5 electromagnetic law of life and life motion systems on planet earth. Results: Electromagnetic [wave-particle] properties of all particulate matter changes as mass [bulkiness] changes from one phase to the next[Nano phase to micro phase to milliphase to meter phase to kilometer phase etc.] and the subsequent electromagnetic effect of one phase particle on bulk matter [different phase] changes from one phase to another. Discussion: All matter exhibits electromagnetic properties [wave particle duality] and the lower the wavelength [and bulkiness] the higher the gamma ray end properties and the higher the wavelength [and bulkiness], the more the radio-wave end properties. Recommendation: Quantum age is overdue. Hypothesis: Nanophase particles exhibit quantum behavior by virtue of their small size, being particles of gamma to x-ray wavelength [atomic range]. Such particles exhibit high frequencies, high energy/photon, high penetration power, high ionization power [atomic behavior] and are stable at low energy levels as opposed to bulk phase matter [macro particles] which exhibits higher wavelength [radio wave end] properties, hence lower frequency, lower energy/photon, lower penetration power, lower ionizing power and are less stable at low temperatures. The ‘unique’ behavioral motion of Nano systems will remain a mystery as long as quantum theory remains a mystery, and for pharmacology, pharmacovigilance profiling of Nano systems becomes virtually impossible. Quantum theory is the 4 – 3 – 5 electromagnetic law of life and life motion systems on planet earth. Results: Electromagnetic [wave-particle] properties of all particulate matter changes as mass [bulkiness] changes from one phase to the next[Nano phase to micro phase to milliphase to meter phase to kilometer phase etc.] and the subsequent electromagnetic effect of one phase particle on bulk matter [different phase] changes from one phase to another. Discussion: All matter exhibits electromagnetic properties [wave particle duality] and the lower the wavelength [and bulkiness] the higher the gamma ray end properties and the higher the wavelength [and bulkiness], the more the radio-wave end properties. Recommendation: Quantum age is overdue.
The results of studies on nanopharmacology have made conditions to develop a hypothesis: from the standpoint of quantum mechanics an increase in pharmacological properties of nano- particle based medications is driven by the preponderance of wave properties over corpuscular ones. According to results obtained the changes of spin states in molecules is one of the es- sential properties of living matter, which is characterized by self-organization. Self-organiza- tion is also common in nanostructur-es. Therefore, the quantum wave properties of nanopar- ticles with their high ability to change spin states determine pronounced pharmacological effect of nanoparticle based medications. At this stage of research the scientific facts received do not rise to the possibility to experimentally or mathematically justify the assumptions made, so pleasetake them for granted. I am convinced that this article will be the 'nanomotor' that will attract world's scientists to continue research in order to prove current hypothesis - the wave properties of nanoparticles determine their high activity - experimentally.
It has already been noted (section 2.8) that high frequency electromagnetic radiation can exhibit particle-like behaviour. For example, in the sensitive type of detector known as a photomultiplier tube (described in Wehr and Richards, Physics of the Atom , 2nd edn, Addison-Wesley, section 10.5), a beam of low-intensity X-rays is detected as a sequence of isolated sharp pulses, such as would be produced by a stream of particles arriving at the detector. As was pointed out, it is not surprising that it is usually high-frequency radiation which travels in particle form; as shown in figure 2.39, a wave group of high-frequency radiation can be compressed into a very short time span. However, when we speak of a particle, we mean something more than an entity which arrives in a short time span. A particle has a definite size, or more exactly it has a well-defined energy and momentum. It was discovered around about 1900 that the same is true of an X-ray wave packet: all packets of a given frequency radiation carry the same energy and momentum. This revolutionary discovery means that we must treat the wave packets as particles on exactly the same footing as more familiar particles such as electrons. The electromagnetic particle is called a photon . There is a wealth of experimental evidence which may be used to define the properties of a photon. We shall be highly selective, however, and simply present two particularly clear-cut experiments, the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering, which enable one to define the energy and momentum of the photon in terms of the frequency and wave number of the corresponding wave. These experiments will be described in detail in section 4.1.
Introduction The evolution of microelectronics toward reduced device sizes has proceeded to a degree that renders conventional models, approaches, and theories inapplicable. Indeed, for objects with sizes of 100 nanometers or less it is frequently the case that the length scales associated with fundamental physical processes are comparable to the geometrical size of the device; also, fundamental time scales associated with physical processes are of the order of the time parameters for nanodevice operation. Therefore, on the nanoscale the theories and models underlying modern nanoelectronics become more complicated, and rely more and more on basic science. Generally, in the nanoworld the fundamental laws of physics that govern particles and material fields differ from those that apply to familiar macroscopic phenomena such as the motion of a baseball or a train. Instead of classical mechanics, that works so well for macroscopic phenomena, the motion of particles in the nanoworld is determined by the so-called wave mechanics or quantum mechanics. An underlying principle of central importance for nanophysics is the fundamental concept that all matter , including electrons, nuclei, and electromagnetic fields, behaves as both waves and particles , that is, wave–particle duality is a basic characteristic of all matter. At first glance, wave properties and particle properties for the same physical object are hardly compatible. To understand wave–particle duality, we will briefly review, in the following two subsections, the basic properties of particles and waves known from classical physics.
We describe electromagnetic energy as a follow up to the author’s THE ANTI-NEUTRON MODEL OF THE ATOM. See www.k1man.com/c2 We identify the exact source and reason for “quantum” in quantum mechanics. A radio wave is continuous emissions, while light, X, and gamma are discrete because of the sudden deceleration of the electrons (inside the atom) when quickly stopping and thus generating electromagnetic emissions as electrons change energy states within the atom or inside the nucleus. That would explain a lot! Those bursts of electromagnetic energy are the photon (Planck/Einstein) bundles of energy, quite different from a mostly continuous (but kind of sudden accelerations/decelerations at the positive and negative peaks) of radio waves. But how do the photons interfere with one another? And how do the photons diffract? Quite important is the general view of E = MC^2, which the author has disproved as a general law for ALL matter in www.k1man.com/c1 E = MC^2 is/might be approximate for annihilation, as described in www.k1man.com/c2 This new approach will better address the particle wave duality quantum mechanics mystery.
Classical mechanics, which gives a fairly accurate description of large systems (e.g., solar system) as also of mechanical systems in our every day life, however, breaks down when applied to small (microscopic) systems such as molecules, atoms and nuclei. For example, (1) classical mechanics cannot even explain why the atoms are stable at all. A classical atom with electrons moving in circular or elliptic orbits around the nucleus would continuously radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation because an accelerated charge does radiate energy. As a result the radius of the orbit would become smaller and smaller, resulting in instability of the atom. On the other hand, the atoms are found to be remarkably stable in practice. (2) Another fact of observation that classical mechanics fails to explain is wave particle duality in radiation as well as in material particles. It is well known that light exhibits the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization which can be easily understood on the basis of wave aspect of radiation. But light also exhibits the phenomena of photo-electric effect, Compton effect and Raman effect which can only be understood in terms of corpuscular or quantum aspect of radiation. The dual behavior of light, or radiation cannot be consistently understood on the basis of classical concepts alone or explained away by saying that light behaves as wave or particle depending on the kind of experiment we do with it (complementarity). Moreover, a beam of material particles, like electrons and neutrons, demonstrates wave-like properties (e.g., diffraction). A brief outline of phenomena that require quantum mechanics for their understanding follows.
Introduction It is believed that the basic physical building blocks forming the world we live in may be categorized into particles of matter and carriers of force between matter. All known elementary constituents of matter and transmitters of force are quantized. For example, energy, momentum, and angular momentum take on discrete quantized values. The electron is an example of an elementary particle of matter, and the photon is an example of a transmitter of force. Neutrons, protons, and atoms are composite particles made up of elementary particles of matter and transmitters of force. These composite particles are also quantized. Because classical mechanics is unable to explain quantization, we must learn quantum mechanics in order to understand the microscopic properties of atoms – which, for example, make up solids such as crystalline semiconductors. Historically, the laws of quantum mechanics have been established by experiment. The most important early experiments involved light. Long before it was realized that light waves are quantized into particles called photons, key experiments on the wave properties of light were performed. For example, it was established that the color of visible light is associated with different wavelengths of light. Table 2.1 shows the range of wavelengths corresponding to different colors. The connection between optical and electrical phenomena was established by Maxwell in 1864. This extended the concept of light to include the complete electromagnetic spectrum. A great deal of effort was, and continues to be, spent gathering information on the behavior of light.