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Theory of Electromagnetic Energy Propagation

Glenn A. Baxter

Published Apr 1, 2012• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We describe electromagnetic energy as a follow up to the author’s THE ANTI-NEUTRON MODEL OF THE ATOM. See www.k1man.com/c2 We identify the exact source and reason for “quantum” in quantum mechanics. A radio wave is continuous emissions, while light, X, and gamma are discrete because of the sudden deceleration of the electrons (inside the atom) when quickly stopping and thus generating electromagnetic emissions as electrons change energy states within the atom or inside the nucleus. That would explain a lot! Those bursts of electromagnetic energy are the photon (Planck/Einstein) bundles of energy, quite different from a mostly continuous (but kind of sudden accelerations/decelerations at the positive and negative peaks) of radio waves. But how do the photons interfere with one another? And how do the photons diffract? Quite important is the general view of E = MC^2, which the author has disproved as a general law for ALL matter in www.k1man.com/c1 E = MC^2 is/might be approximate for annihilation, as described in www.k1man.com/c2 This new approach will better address the particle wave duality quantum mechanics mystery.

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Cambridge University Press eBooks•Jul 13, 1996•0 citations
We describe electromagnetic energy as a follow up to the author’s THE ANTI-NEUTRON MODEL OF THE ATOM. See www.k1man.com/c2 We identify the exact source and reason for “quantum” in quantum mechanics. A radio wave is continuous emissions, while light, X, and gamma are discrete because of the sudden deceleration of the electrons (inside the atom) when quickly stopping and thus generating electromagnetic emissions as electrons change energy states within the atom or inside the nucleus. That would explain a lot! Those bursts of electromagnetic energy are the photon (Planck/Einstein) bundles of energy, quite different from a mostly continuous (but kind of sudden accelerations/decelerations at the positive and negative peaks) of radio waves. But how do the photons interfere with one another? And how do the photons diffract? Quite important is the general view of E = MC^2, which the author has disproved as a general law for ALL matter in www.k1man.com/c1 E = MC^2 is/might be approximate for annihilation, as described in www.k1man.com/c2 This new approach will better address the particle wave duality quantum mechanics mystery.
Classical mechanics, which gives a fairly accurate description of large systems (e.g., solar system) as also of mechanical systems in our every day life, however, breaks down when applied to small (microscopic) systems such as molecules, atoms and nuclei. For example, (1) classical mechanics cannot even explain why the atoms are stable at all. A classical atom with electrons moving in circular or elliptic orbits around the nucleus would continuously radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation because an accelerated charge does radiate energy. As a result the radius of the orbit would become smaller and smaller, resulting in instability of the atom. On the other hand, the atoms are found to be remarkably stable in practice. (2) Another fact of observation that classical mechanics fails to explain is wave particle duality in radiation as well as in material particles. It is well known that light exhibits the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization which can be easily understood on the basis of wave aspect of radiation. But light also exhibits the phenomena of photo-electric effect, Compton effect and Raman effect which can only be understood in terms of corpuscular or quantum aspect of radiation. The dual behavior of light, or radiation cannot be consistently understood on the basis of classical concepts alone or explained away by saying that light behaves as wave or particle depending on the kind of experiment we do with it (complementarity). Moreover, a beam of material particles, like electrons and neutrons, demonstrates wave-like properties (e.g., diffraction). A brief outline of phenomena that require quantum mechanics for their understanding follows.
The nature of the problem The quantum world is inexplicable in classical terms. The predictions pertaining to the interaction of matter and light embodied in Newton's laws for the motion of particles and Maxwell's equations governing the propagation of electromagnetic fields are in flat contradiction with the experimental facts at the microscopic scale. A key feature of quantum effects is their apparent indeterminism, that individual atomic events are unpredictable, uncontrollable and literally seem to have no cause. Regularities emerge only when one considers a large ensemble of such events. This indeed is generally considered to constitute the heart of the conceptual problem posed by quantum phenomena, necessitating a fundamental revision of the deterministic classical world view. Some of the principal phenomena, among those discussed in this book, are as follows: ( a ) Self-interference: a beam of electrons sent one at a time through a barrier containing two apertures builds up through a series of localized detection events on a screen an interference pattern characteristic of waves (cf. the frontispiece and §5.1). ( b ) Tunnelling: an α-particle trapped in a nucleus can pass through a potential barrier in a manner forbidden to a classical particle (§5.3). ( c ) The stability of matter: atoms and molecules are found to exist only in certain discrete, or ‘stationary’, energy states. For this reason they do not ‘collapse’, the result predicted by classical electrodynamics. During transitions between stationary states (quantum jumps) an atom exchanges a discrete quantity of energy with the electromagnetic field (§§4.5, 7.6). […]
The basic phenomena of interaction between atoms and e.m. fields can be discussed in some detail without the need of a detailed model of the atom. Absorption and stimulated emission of radiation can be explained satisfactorily by the theory, where a classical electromagnetic wave provides a time-dependent perturbation to the energy of the atomic electrons. Laser radiation appears to a very good approximation to be a classical travelling wave of well-defined amplitude and phase. The radiation produced by a continuous laser is a good approximation to a coherent state. For conventional sources of radiation, the interaction energy is small compared with the energy an electron possesses by virtue of the attraction to the atomic nucleus, so perturbation theory produces quite acceptable results. The quantum mechanical analogy to the distortion of the classical charge cloud is given by the writing down of a general state function for the system, Ψ.
The photons & the quantum particles display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena which could not be explained earlier. The New Quantum Theory explains not only the long pending Wave Particle Duality but also all other mysterious Quantum Phenomena. The New Quantum Theory is based on the analogy of the atoms & the solar system and not only supplements but also completes the Quantum Theory. This work explains “how & why” a photon, an electron or quanta generates the electric & the magnetic fields of continuously varying intensities & in the changing directions to form a 3-D Electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic fields generated by the photons/quantum particles interact with the electromagnetic fields of the mediums (conductor, semicon-ductor or insulator etc.) to display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena. These interactions are strong enough to change the spin, wavelength, amplitude & direction of the quantum particles in the medium. The spin-orbit interlocking/interactions, transverse spin, vortex spin texture & evanescent waves etc. are the results of such interactions. This work explains some of the quantum phenomena in brief so that the various Quantum Phenomena can be modified & developed for the different applications.
Quantum field theory describes the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation using the "photon," but has never explained why a fundamental particle exhibits such perfect wave behavior. This paper provides a complete alternative explanation: the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and antibunching experiments — landmark experiments considered proof of photon particle nature — require no photon concept. Quantization is not a property of light itself, but of the discrete energy level structure governing how bound electrons emit and absorb energy. Light remains a continuous transverse wave; discreteness results from electrons as "prisoners" in atomic "cages" that can only transition between specific energy steps. Waves propagate continuously and are emitted and absorbed in quantized form — the photon is not a particle, but the name of an energy-exchange event.
Ever splitting the light! How often do they strive to divide that which, despite everything, would always remain single and whole. Goethe (quoted in Zajonc 1993) Introduction The use of electromagnetic wave theory and geometrical optics to describe propagation of light is satisfactory when there is no exchange of energy between radiation and matter. All observable characteristics – direction of propagation, polarization, diffraction, interference, the energy of radiation, and so forth – are accurately described by one of these so-called classical theories. However, with the exception of absorption by lossy media (eqn. 4.36) or the effects of dispersion (eqn. 4.22), classical theories fail to give reasons for many phenomena that have practical consequences in modern technology and that involve interaction between radiation and matter. Even the partially successful descriptions of dispersion or loss cannot explain the existence of the multitude of spectrally distinct absorption lines; cannot predict the wavelengths for absorption or the wavelengths for anomalous dispersion; cannot account for all the absorbed energy; and, most importantly, cannot predict or describe the effect of optical gain, which is closely related to absorption. Thus, the principles of operation of many important devices of modern optics such as lasers, photodiodes, electronic cameras, and television screens cannot be explained by classical theories. Even the emission by the sun or an incandescent lamp are beyond the scope of these theories. It is evident therefore that a new, modern theory is necessary – one that is either more complete than, or simply complements, the classical theories.