The photons & the quantum particles display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena which could not be explained earlier. The New Quantum Theory explains not only the long pending Wave Particle Duality but also all other mysterious Quantum Phenomena. The New Quantum Theory is based on the analogy of the atoms & the solar system and not only supplements but also completes the Quantum Theory. This work explains “how & why” a photon, an electron or quanta generates the electric & the magnetic fields of continuously varying intensities & in the changing directions to form a 3-D Electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic fields generated by the photons/quantum particles interact with the electromagnetic fields of the mediums (conductor, semicon-ductor or insulator etc.) to display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena. These interactions are strong enough to change the spin, wavelength, amplitude & direction of the quantum particles in the medium. The spin-orbit interlocking/interactions, transverse spin, vortex spin texture & evanescent waves etc. are the results of such interactions. This work explains some of the quantum phenomena in brief so that the various Quantum Phenomena can be modified & developed for the different applications.
The photons & the quantum particles display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena which could not be explained earlier. The New Quantum Theory explains not only the long pending Wave Particle Duality but also all other mysterious Quantum Phenomena. The New Quantum Theory is based on the analogy of the atoms & the solar system and not only supplements but also completes the Quantum Theory. This work explains “how & why” a photon, an electron or quanta generates the electric & the magnetic fields of continuously varying intensities & in the changing directions to form a 3-D Electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic fields generated by the photons/quantum particles interact with the electromagnetic fields of the mediums (conductor, semicon-ductor or insulator etc.) to display several mysterious Quantum Phenomena. These interactions are strong enough to change the spin, wavelength, amplitude & direction of the quantum particles in the medium. The spin-orbit interlocking/interactions, transverse spin, vortex spin texture & evanescent waves etc. are the results of such interactions. This work explains some of the quantum phenomena in brief so that the various Quantum Phenomena can be modified & developed for the different applications.
Quantum Theory with Wave Particle Duality is unable to explain how the phenomena of refraction, interference&diffraction, actually occurs and why 'the waves behave as particles' or 'the particles behave as waves'? New Quantum Theory explains that every photon has an eccentric nucleus and is always spinning. This theory can explain all the phenomena of Electro Magnetic Radiations/Light , solves the mystery of Wave Particle Duality, and Photon has mass and sometimes can be considered as mass less .
Quantum Theory with Wave Particle Duality is unable to explain how the phenomena of refraction, interference & diffraction, actually occurs and why ‘the waves behave as particles’ or ‘the particles behave as waves’? New Quantum Theory explains that every photon has an eccentric nucleus and is always spinning. This theory can explain all the phenomena of Electro Magnetic Radiations/Light , solves the mystery of Wave Particle Duality, and Photon has mass and sometimes can be considered as mass less. Keywords: Photon, Nucleus, Spinning Photon, Eccentric Nucleus, Angular Momentum
All electrons, nucleons, and other particles or quanta (because quantum mechanics is applied to all particles, these should be known as quanta) undergo a persistent spin motion without possessing any infinite energy source, and therefore, they should have a unique structure that provides their persistent spinning, as well as their other properties that they display. Additionally, because nothing in nature occurs without a reason or purpose, there should be an explanation for the persistent spinning motion. This study determines the purpose behind the persistent spinning motion of quanta, their unique structures, and properties. The results of the determination of the purpose, named “a new quantum theory”, provide very clear and complete explanations for all the phenomena generated due to quanta. Some such phenomena included in this study are: 1) the interference and diffraction of photons and electrons; 2) spectroscopy; 3) transmittance T, which is finite for particles possessing energy E < V0, when V0 is the energy of the potential barrier; 4) rate reduction of increasing velocity in accelerating electrons after they have attained their relativistic velocity; 5) acquisition of elliptical orbits by orbiting electrons despite moving in a spherically symmetric field, and conservations of their energy, momentum, and spin angular momentum.
The photoelectric effect, the Compton effects, and now anticorrelation experiments have been claimed to prove that light consists of particles flying through a void. However the particle model is decisively falsified by the known wave qualities of electromagnetic radiation. Quantum Electrodynamics also uses spreading wave amplitudes; not flying particles. The evidence indicates that light is a wave and electrons are electromagnetic wave-structures that absorb and emit light in discrete wave-packets. These wave-quanta are emitted directionally and then spread in space in proportion to their wavelength. Their waves superposition with all other waves in space. In low intensity experiments, the waves that an electron in a photodetector absorbs come from the superpositioning of the source wave-quanta and background radiation. The importance of background radiation is evidenced by "dark counts". Treating electrons and the quanta they absorb and emit as particles when they are composed of waves is the source of all the paradoxes, unreality and confusion in Quantum Mechanics. The word "photon" should be replaced by "quantum" in the description of this particular electronic process. The conceptual model presented here explains the known phenomena without producing paradoxes and unifies quantum and classical electromagnetics.
Chapter 3 provides a brief review of a few concepts from classical Newtonian physics, and how this fails to explain phenomena at the nanoscopic scale. As is detailed within, the classical mechanical model is able to describe all observed physical phenomena; however, when it comes to the nanoscale this model breaks down, because the properties of the materials change dramatically. At this scale, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, gravitational forces become negligible and random molecular motion becomes more important. This changes the properties of the material and affects the devices that are fabricated at this scale. It is hence necessary to develop a new model that can explain such physical phenomena. This has led to a new branch of physics, i.e. quantum physics (QP) or quantum mechanics, which is able to explain the behavior observed at nanoscale. QP enables us to explain phenomena such as the photoelectric effect, Compton effect. etc. In this chapter, we introduce quantum mechanics and how it evolved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Further, light’s behaviour as a particle as well as a wave is described by the photoelectric effect and Young’s double-slit experiment, respectively. Further, the dual nature of the particle is explained using the de Broglie principle. Schrodinger’s equation is then explained, which gives the probability of finding a subatomic-scale particle at a certain position in a quantum well. In addition to the formulation of Schrodinger’s equation, its solution, the concept of a potential well, the characteristics of the wave function and its interpretation and significance, and, finally, the application of Schrodinger’s equation in the structure of an atom form subsequent parts of this chapter. The equation serves as a basis with which to understand band theory. Band theory explains the difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Materials are distinguished according to the differences in their band gaps. Adding impurities or varying temperature changes the band gap in semiconductors, which consequently changes the properties of the semiconductor and its electrical conduction. One more important measure to understand and exploit the properties and behaviour of materials is Fermi–Dirac statistics. It is useful to acquire the probability of electrons at a given energy level at a specific temperature. These concepts can be utilised by physicists and chip makers to make more energy-efficient devices. Hence, this chapter details the fundamentals of quantum physics and how they relate to the electrical properties of nanodevices.