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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Quantum three-pass cryptography protocol

Li Yang, Ling-An Wu, Songhao Liu

Published Sep 11, 2002• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a new kind of quantum cryptography protocol based on Shamir's three-pass protocol of classical cryptography, which allows the transmission of qubits directly and secretly via the aid of an unjammable classical channel. In this protocol we implement the encryption and decryption transformations via rotations on the Poincare sphere of the photons polarization parameters. The key technique is that Bob's encryption rotation must be commutative with Alice s decryption rotation; this means that the axes of these two rotations must be parallel. We also present a security analysis of the protocol under a man-in-the-middle attack.

DOI
10.1117/12.483035

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We present a new kind of quantum cryptography protocol based on Shamir's three-pass protocol of classical cryptography, which allows the transmission of qubits directly and secretly via the aid of an unjammable classical channel. In this protocol we implement the encryption and decryption transformations via rotations on the Poincare sphere of the photons polarization parameters. The key technique is that Bob's encryption rotation must be commutative with Alice s decryption rotation; this means that the axes of these two rotations must be parallel. We also present a security analysis of the protocol under a man-in-the-middle attack.
Various protocols of quantum cryptography has been presented. Some of them can be used to transmit secret messages directly. In this letter we present a new kind of quantum cryptography protocol for direct transmission of classical and quantum messages based on Shamir's generic protocol on classical message encryption. Though Shamir's original idea has only realization of computational security and falls to middle-man attack, our protocol is theoretically secure based on properties of quantum entanglement and Boolean function, and can resist the middle-man attack.
In this paper, a hybrid cryptosystem is presented combining classical cryptography with quantum cryptography, in which the secure key distribution between the parties utilizing AES cipher is performed using quantum three-pass protocol.This protocol guarantees the absolutely secure key transmission whose security relies on the no-cloning theorem of quantum mechanics.The key is transmitted in the form of polarized photons, which is further encrypted by rotating each photon by a certain angle.This key is utilized by AES (Advance encryption Standard) cryptosystem which is a symmetric block cipher whose strength relies on the substitution box (S-box) that introduces non linearity into the cryptosystem. The S-box used in the existing AES is fixed which may pose security threats if scrutinized by an attacker. Hence, in this paper, a key-dependent S-box is also proposed which is tested to satisfy the properties such as avalanche effect, strict avalanche criteria and confusion property. The results show that the proposed algorithm is effective for generating a key-dependent S-box and since the S-box is not pre-calculated, it can strengthen the AES cryptosystem against attacks launched by the fixed S-box analysis.
A realizable quantum three-pass protocol authentication based on Hill-cipher algorithm is presented by encoded and decoded plaintext using classical Hill-cipher algorithm. It is shown that the encoded message transferred to the particles called quantum state where we assumed that a photon is used as a qubit and after the encoded message is transferred into photons, the polarization of each photon is rotated by an angle θj , which is chosen randomly for each qubit. The sender and receiver agree over a Hill-cipher key, the encryption occurs by utilization of the quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP), the decryption will be illustrated, and an example shows how the algorithm will work. Finally, the security of this algorithm is analyzed in detail.
A double precision security based application is presented on one-time pad (OTP) technique cryptography using quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP) for subsequent encoding and decoding of plaintext(s).The encoding message first transformed to quantum state, called photon particles, used as qubit, and after encoding that quantum state is rotated randomly by an angle for each quantum bits.For the same, both parties agree over a random shared secret key generated by the system that are specific to the security services and works as hidden agents for the next session to establish.The encryption and decryption utilizes the quantum three-pass protocol for the OTP, and finally detailed analysis is presented.
Quantum Cryptography is based on the use of subatomic particles (photons) and their intrinsic quantum properties (photon polarization) to develop an unbreakable system. It is not possible to measure the quantum state of any system without affecting the system. This property provides secure transmission of key between sender and receiver. Quantum Cryptography is a way to combine the relative ease and convenience of key exchange in public key cryptography with the ultimate security of a one-time pad. Quantum techniques for key distribution, the classically impossible task of distributing secret information over an insecure channel whose transmissions are subject to inspection by an eavesdropper, between parties who share no secret key initially. Quantum Cryptography uses the principles of Quantum Mechanics to implement a cryptographic system. The key problem which is solved by using quantum techniques is that of eavesdropping detection. The bits are represented as qubits, physically modeled by photons, and communicated over a quantum channel. The polarization states of photons represent 0's and 1's. Keyword: Asymmetric key, Cryptography, Protocols, Quantum, symmetric key