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arXiv:quant-ph/0309200

Quantum no-key protocol for direct and secure transmission of quantum and classical messages

Li Yang

Published Sep 28, 2003• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present a quantum no-key protocol for direct and secure transmission of quantum and classical messages based on simple Boolean function computation with several quantum gates and Shamir's interactive idea of classical message encryption. This protocol has inherent personal identification and message authentication. It probably is the first quantum protocol that can resist the man-in-the-middle attack by itself.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0309200

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We present a quantum no-key protocol for direct and secure transmission of quantum and classical messages based on simple Boolean function computation with several quantum gates and Shamir's interactive idea of classical message encryption. This protocol has inherent personal identification and message authentication. It probably is the first quantum protocol that can resist the man-in-the-middle attack by itself.
Various protocols of quantum cryptography has been presented. Some of them can be used to transmit secret messages directly. In this letter we present a new kind of quantum cryptography protocol for direct transmission of classical and quantum messages based on Shamir's generic protocol on classical message encryption. Though Shamir's original idea has only realization of computational security and falls to middle-man attack, our protocol is theoretically secure based on properties of quantum entanglement and Boolean function, and can resist the middle-man attack.
Quantum no-key protocol is a quantum realization of Shamir's idea of no-key cryptosystem, which can be used to transport quantum and classical message secretly. It is beyond computational security. We give a practical quantum no-key protocol with mutual identification. In order to prevent MIM (man-in-the-middle) attack, we realize secure information transmission and identification by utilizing a short pre-shared secret bit sequence. And we use pseudo-random sequences to mix the photons which are used for information transmission and the photons which are used for identification. Pseudo-random sequence partly protects the secret sequence and makes our protocol more practical while do not weaken the security. We post a schematic diagram of the experimental set-up which is based on fiber communication system. Our protocol does not need entanglement, multi-qubit operation or classical communication.
We propose a class of quantum no-key protocols for private communication of classical message based on quantum computing of random Boolean permutations, and demonstrate that they are information-theoretic secure. These protocols are designed to resist middleman attack for two parties preshared authentication key, and achieve perfect mutual data origin authentication which ensures the permanent reusing of authentication key. Finally, we simplify the protocol to a 4-round one, and show that any protocol with 3 or less rounds cannot achieve perfect security without consuming preshared key.
Most of the quantum authentication protocols are used to authenticate quantum messages.In this paper, by using a pair of non-entangled qubits, a quantum authentication protocol of classical messages is proposed.In the pair of qubits, the first one is used to carry a bit message, and the second one is used as a tag to authenticate the classical message.In our protocol, a bit string instead of a sequence of maximally entangled states is used directly as an authentication key, so the authentication key can be easily stored offline.On the other hand, in our protocol, a unitary operation UA is chosen to encrypt the qubits so that the successful probability of all attacks analyzed is less than one.Our quantum authentication protocol is secure against various attacks such as the no-message attack and message attacks.
We present a new kind of quantum cryptography protocol based on Shamir's three-pass protocol of classical cryptography, which allows the transmission of qubits directly and secretly via the aid of an unjammable classical channel. In this protocol we implement the encryption and decryption transformations via rotations on the Poincare sphere of the photons polarization parameters. The key technique is that Bob's encryption rotation must be commutative with Alice s decryption rotation; this means that the axes of these two rotations must be parallel. We also present a security analysis of the protocol under a man-in-the-middle attack.