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Mathematical Problems in Engineering

A Realizable Quantum Three-Pass Protocol Authentication Based on Hill-Cipher Algorithm

Alharith A. Abdullah, Rifaat Z. Khalaf, Mustafa Riza

Published Jan 1, 2015• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A realizable quantum three-pass protocol authentication based on Hill-cipher algorithm is presented by encoded and decoded plaintext using classical Hill-cipher algorithm. It is shown that the encoded message transferred to the particles called quantum state where we assumed that a photon is used as a qubit and after the encoded message is transferred into photons, the polarization of each photon is rotated by an angle θj , which is chosen randomly for each qubit. The sender and receiver agree over a Hill-cipher key, the encryption occurs by utilization of the quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP), the decryption will be illustrated, and an example shows how the algorithm will work. Finally, the security of this algorithm is analyzed in detail.

DOI
10.1155/2015/481824

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A realizable quantum three-pass protocol authentication based on Hill-cipher algorithm is presented by encoded and decoded plaintext using classical Hill-cipher algorithm. It is shown that the encoded message transferred to the particles called quantum state where we assumed that a photon is used as a qubit and after the encoded message is transferred into photons, the polarization of each photon is rotated by an angle θj , which is chosen randomly for each qubit. The sender and receiver agree over a Hill-cipher key, the encryption occurs by utilization of the quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP), the decryption will be illustrated, and an example shows how the algorithm will work. Finally, the security of this algorithm is analyzed in detail.
A double precision security based application is presented on one-time pad (OTP) technique cryptography using quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP) for subsequent encoding and decoding of plaintext(s).The encoding message first transformed to quantum state, called photon particles, used as qubit, and after encoding that quantum state is rotated randomly by an angle for each quantum bits.For the same, both parties agree over a random shared secret key generated by the system that are specific to the security services and works as hidden agents for the next session to establish.The encryption and decryption utilizes the quantum three-pass protocol for the OTP, and finally detailed analysis is presented.
Based on a quantum shift register, a novel quantum block cryptographic algorithm that can be used to encrypt classical messages is proposed. The message is encoded and decoded by using a code generated by the quantum shift register. The security of this algorithm is analysed in detail. It is shown that, in the quantum block cryptographic algorithm, two keys can be used. One of them is the classical key that is used in the Hill cipher algorithm where Alice and Bob use the authenticated Diffie Hellman key exchange algorithm using the concept of digital signature for the authentication of the two communicating parties and so eliminate the man-in-the-middle attack. The other key is generated by the quantum shift register and used for the coding of the encryption message, where Alice and Bob share the key by using theBB84 protocol. The novel algorithm can prevent a quantum attack strategy as well as a classical attack strategy. The problem of key management is discussed and circuits for the encryption and the decryption are suggested.
In this paper, a hybrid cryptosystem is presented combining classical cryptography with quantum cryptography, in which the secure key distribution between the parties utilizing AES cipher is performed using quantum three-pass protocol.This protocol guarantees the absolutely secure key transmission whose security relies on the no-cloning theorem of quantum mechanics.The key is transmitted in the form of polarized photons, which is further encrypted by rotating each photon by a certain angle.This key is utilized by AES (Advance encryption Standard) cryptosystem which is a symmetric block cipher whose strength relies on the substitution box (S-box) that introduces non linearity into the cryptosystem. The S-box used in the existing AES is fixed which may pose security threats if scrutinized by an attacker. Hence, in this paper, a key-dependent S-box is also proposed which is tested to satisfy the properties such as avalanche effect, strict avalanche criteria and confusion property. The results show that the proposed algorithm is effective for generating a key-dependent S-box and since the S-box is not pre-calculated, it can strengthen the AES cryptosystem against attacks launched by the fixed S-box analysis.
We present a new kind of quantum cryptography protocol based on Shamir's three-pass protocol of classical cryptography, which allows the transmission of qubits directly and secretly via the aid of an unjammable classical channel. In this protocol we implement the encryption and decryption transformations via rotations on the Poincare sphere of the photons polarization parameters. The key technique is that Bob's encryption rotation must be commutative with Alice s decryption rotation; this means that the axes of these two rotations must be parallel. We also present a security analysis of the protocol under a man-in-the-middle attack.
A quantum high secure direct communication with authentication protocol is proposed by using single photons. The high security of the protocol is achieved on levels. The first level involves the verification of the quantum channel security by using fake photons. The authentication process is also ensured by the fake photons. The second level of security is given by the use of multiple polarization bases. The secret message is encoded in groups of photons; each single character of the message is associated with m (m≥7) photons. Thus, at least 27(128) characters will be encoded. In order to defeat the quantum teleportation attack, the string of bits associated to the secret message is encrypted with a secret string of bits by using XOR operator. Encryption of the sender's identity string and the receiver's identity string by the XOR operator with a random string of fake photons defends quantum man-in-the-middle attack efficiently. Quantum memory is required to implement our protocol. Storage of quantum information is a key element in quantum information processing and provides a more flexible, effective and efficient communication. Our protocol is feasible with current technologies.
This project presents Quantum Key Distribution Protocols (QKDPs) to safeguard security in massive networks, by mistreatment DES algorithmic rule for secret writing and decryption of .txt file. In this project, secure communication between the sender and also the receiver is being created attainable through a trusted center by mistreatment secret key authentication. The trustworthy Center distributes a quantum key to each the sender and also the receiver when the verification of the secret key. The sender encrypts the info and sends to the receiver side solely when getting the quantum key from the Trusted Center. Similarly the decoding method happens. RSA algorithmic rule is getting used for quantum key distribution. and the input txt file is retrieved on the receiver aspect.