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Authenticated Quantum Three Pass Protocol on One-Time Pad Cryptographic Technique

Gautam Kumar, Hemraj Saini, Vipin Balyan

Published Dec 31, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A double precision security based application is presented on one-time pad (OTP) technique cryptography using quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP) for subsequent encoding and decoding of plaintext(s).The encoding message first transformed to quantum state, called photon particles, used as qubit, and after encoding that quantum state is rotated randomly by an angle for each quantum bits.For the same, both parties agree over a random shared secret key generated by the system that are specific to the security services and works as hidden agents for the next session to establish.The encryption and decryption utilizes the quantum three-pass protocol for the OTP, and finally detailed analysis is presented.

DOI
10.29042/2021-11-6-18-23

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A double precision security based application is presented on one-time pad (OTP) technique cryptography using quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP) for subsequent encoding and decoding of plaintext(s).The encoding message first transformed to quantum state, called photon particles, used as qubit, and after encoding that quantum state is rotated randomly by an angle for each quantum bits.For the same, both parties agree over a random shared secret key generated by the system that are specific to the security services and works as hidden agents for the next session to establish.The encryption and decryption utilizes the quantum three-pass protocol for the OTP, and finally detailed analysis is presented.
A realizable quantum three-pass protocol authentication based on Hill-cipher algorithm is presented by encoded and decoded plaintext using classical Hill-cipher algorithm. It is shown that the encoded message transferred to the particles called quantum state where we assumed that a photon is used as a qubit and after the encoded message is transferred into photons, the polarization of each photon is rotated by an angle θj , which is chosen randomly for each qubit. The sender and receiver agree over a Hill-cipher key, the encryption occurs by utilization of the quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP), the decryption will be illustrated, and an example shows how the algorithm will work. Finally, the security of this algorithm is analyzed in detail.
Currently many symmetric key cryptographic tools which are known to be quantum-safe. They all share Secret symmetric keys through an untrusted medium which is usually done with public key methods which are prone to quantum attacks. One among the recommended solutions to the key distribution problem is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). QKD utilizes an authenticated Communication channel along with a quantum communication channel so that a secret key is generated. Whatever may be the protocol to implement proposed QKD, they all need both a quantum channel, and an authenticated classical. OTP (One Time Pad) is used when two parties wish to communications have to share a key called pad. This pad is a randomly generated key and the length of the key should be equal to the message so it can be sent. The proposed QKD parameters that result in almost 35.67% smaller keys for quantum security and an implementation of QKD in network which is publicly available and usable in practice.
Modern cryptography offers three goals of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, known as CIA triad. Confidentiality of any message or communication is secrecy of its content. All the modern cryptosystems provide cryptographic secrecy and not perfect secrecy. Two ingredients of perfect secrecy are truly random source and secure communication channel. Both are available in quantum computing paradigm. However, Quantum Computers are not yet commercially available. Certain time-tested cryptographic techniques in classical computing can be combined with principles of quantum computing to to achieve the goal of perfect secrecy. Theoretically, One Time Pad (OTP) is proven to be unconditionally secure. The paper suggests an hybrid approach to cryptography by generating OTP using quantum superposition states. The results of OTP generation are corroborated with theoretical values. The OTP so generated by realization of the suggested approach on a classical system is found to pass the test for randomness.
Quantum secure direct communication is the direct communication of secret messages without first producing a shared secret key. It may be used in some urgent circumstances. Here we propose a quantum secure direct communication protocol using single photons. The protocol uses batches of single photons prepared randomly in one of four different states. These single photons serve as a one-time pad which is used directly to encode the secret messages in one communication process. We also show that it is unconditionally secure. The protocol is feasible with present-day technique.
Quantum cryptography is known the most up-to-date in domain of realistic cryptography notably the menace of quantum cryptanalysis which threatens security firmness of public key cryptography. Quantum cryptography has a famous scheme known as Quantum Key Exchange (QKE), that administrates generation and distribution of a secured random key between legitimate channel users depicted as sender and receiver. Consequently, such key could be used as a key for one-time pad hybrid cryptosystems to encrypt and authenticate messages over a quantum channel. (QKE) is based on unifying quantum physics concepts and information theory with conventional cryptographic schemes that target to produce a short secret session key between any two legitimate parties. An important phase in key creation of BB84 protocol is Privacy Amplification phase where two interconnecting parties distill highly secret shared key from a larger body of shared key, which is only partially secret. The two legitimate parties publicly exchange information to create a compressed key free from biased bits known by an eavesdropper.
Quantum cryptography is known the most up-to-date in domain of realistic cryptography notably the menace of quantum cryptanalysis which threatens security firmness of public key cryptography. Quantum cryptography has a famous scheme known as Quantum Key Exchange (QKE), that administrates generation and distribution of a secured random key between legitimate channel users depicted as sender and receiver. Consequently, such key could be used as a key for one-time pad hybrid cryptosystems to encrypt and authenticate messages over a quantum channel. (QKE) is based on unifying quantum physics concepts and information theory with conventional cryptographic schemes that target to produce a short secret session key between any two legitimate parties. An important phase in key creation of BB84 protocol is Privacy Amplification phase where two interconnecting parties distill highly secret shared key from a larger body of shared key, which is only partially secret. The two legitimate parties publicly exchange information to create a compressed key free from biased bits known by an eavesdropper.