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arXiv:1506.01791 · Optics Letters

Enhancement of the sensitivity of a temperature sensor based on fiber Bragg gratings via weak value amplification

L. J. Salazar-Serrano, D. Barrera, W. Amaya, S. Sales, V. Pruneri, J. Capmany, J. P. Torres

Published Aug 18, 2015• 56 citations
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Abstract

We present a proof-of-concept experiment aimed at increasing the sensitivity of Fiber-Bragg-gratings temperature sensors by making use of a weak-value-amplification scheme. The technique requires only linear optics elements for its implementation and appears as a promising method for increasing the sensitivity than state-of the-art sensors can currently provide. The device implemented here is able to generate a shift of the centroid of the spectrum of a pulse of ∼0.035 nm/°C, a nearly fourfold increase in sensitivity over the same fiber-Bragg-grating system interrogated using standard methods.

DOI
10.1364/ol.40.003962

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In this thesis we make use of this concept to improve current technologies and analyse the true usefulness of this technique with respect to other experimental alternatives. In particular, we have applied the concept to measure femtosecond temporal delays between pulses much smaller than their pulse width. From the theoretical model we estimate that the ultimate sensitivity of this scheme will allow to measure delays of the order of attoseconds using femtosecond laser sources. In addition, we have developed an innovative experimental scheme that makes use of the interference effect present in a WVA scheme to generate a highly-sensitive tunable beam displacer that can outperform the limitations imposed by the use of movable optical elements. From the experimental results, we were able to perform a scan of a Gaussian beam with waist 600 μm over an interval of 240 μm in steps of 1 μm. Moreover, we have implemented a proof-of-concept experiment aimed at increasing the sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensors. The sensors behave as frequency filters whose center is determined by its surrounding temperature. By means of a WVA scheme we were able to measure a polarization dependent frequency shift that is small compared to the width of each FBG spectrum, and from that value we were able to obtain a four-fold enhancement of the sensitivity with respect to current schemes. Finally, we address the question of what can offer the concept of WVA and what can not in terms of achieving high sensitivity measurements. 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Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging•Sep 6, 2019•3 citations
We present a proof-of-concept experiment aimed at increasing the sensitivity of Fiber-Bragg-gratings temperature sensors by making use of a weak-value-amplification scheme. The technique requires only linear optics elements for its implementation and appears as a promising method for increasing the sensitivity than state-of the-art sensors can currently provide. The device implemented here is able to generate a shift of the centroid of the spectrum of a pulse of ∼0.035 nm/°C, a nearly fourfold increase in sensitivity over the same fiber-Bragg-grating system interrogated using standard methods.
We present a proof-of-concept experiment aimed at increasing the sensitivity of temperature sensors implemented\nwith Fiber Bragg gratings by making use of a weak value amplification scheme. The technique requires\nonly linear optics elements for its implementation, and appears as a promising method for extending the range\nof temperatures changes detectable to increasingly lower values than state-of the-art sensors can currently\nprovide. The device implemented here is able to generate a shift of the centroid of the spectrum of a pulse of\n∼ 0.035 nm/◦C, a nearly fourfold increase in sensitivity over the same Fiber Bragg Grating system interrogated\nusing standard methods.
Weak Value Amplification (WVA) is a signal enhancement technique proposed in 1988 by Aharonov, Albert, and Vaidman that has been widely used to measure tiny changes that otherwise cannot be determined because of technical limitations. It is based on: i) the existence of a weak interaction which couples a property of a system (the system) with a separate degree of freedom (the pointer), and ii) the measurement of an anomalously large mean value of the pointer state (weak mean value), after appropriate pre and post-selection of the state of the system. The usefulness of weak value amplification for measuring extremely small quantities has been demonstrated under a great variety of experimental conditions to measure very small transverse displacements of optical beams, beam deflections, angular shifts, temporal shifts, phase shifts, frequency shifts, velocity measurements and temperature differences, among others. In this thesis we make use of this concept to improve current technologies and analyse the true usefulness of this technique with respect to other experimental alternatives. In particular, we have applied the concept to measure femtosecond temporal delays between pulses much smaller than their pulse width. From the theoretical model we estimate that the ultimate sensitivity of this scheme will allow to measure delays of the order of attoseconds using femtosecond laser sources. In addition, we have developed an innovative experimental scheme that makes use of the interference effect present in a WVA scheme to generate a highly-sensitive tunable beam displacer that can outperform the limitations imposed by the use of movable optical elements. From the experimental results, we were able to perform a scan of a Gaussian beam with waist 600 μm over an interval of 240 μm in steps of 1 μm. Moreover, we have implemented a proof-of-concept experiment aimed at increasing the sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensors. The sensors behave as frequency filters whose center is determined by its surrounding temperature. By means of a WVA scheme we were able to measure a polarization dependent frequency shift that is small compared to the width of each FBG spectrum, and from that value we were able to obtain a four-fold enhancement of the sensitivity with respect to current schemes. Finally, we address the question of what can offer the concept of WVA and what can not in terms of achieving high sensitivity measurements. By using a specific example and some basic concepts from quantum estimation theory, we have found that while WVA cannot be used to go beyond some fundamental sensitivity limits that arise from considering the full nature of the quantum states, WVA can notwithstanding enhance the sensitivity of real and specific detection schemes that are limited by many other things apart from the quantum nature of the states involved, i.e. technical noise. Weak Value Amplification (WVA) es una técnica experimental propuesta en 1988 por Aharonov, Albert, y Vaidman que ha sido ampliamente utilizada para medir pequeños cambios de variables físicas que en principio no podrían medirse usando otras metodologías debido a limitaciones técnicas. La técnica se basa en: i) la existencia de una interacción débil que acopla una propiedad de un sistema (el sistema) con otro grado de libertad (el metro), y ii) la medición de un valor promedio particularmente grande del metro (weak mean value), después de realizar una selección adecuada de los estados inicial y final del sistema. La utilidad de la técnica para la medición de cantidades extremadamente pequeñas ha sido demostrada en una gran variedad de condiciones experimentales para medir, por ejemplo, desplazamientos transversales de haces ópticos muy pequeños, deflexiones en haces, corrimientos angulares, retardos temporales, cambios de fase, cambios de frecuencia, mediciones de velocidad y diferencias de temperaturas, entre otros. En esta tesis, hacemos uso del concepto de Weak Value Amplification para mejorar el desempeño de algunos esquemas experimentales actuales y también para analizar la verdadera utilidad de esta técnica con respecto a otras alternativas experimentales. En particular, aplicamos el concepto para medir retardos temporales entre pulsos del orden de femtosegundos mucho más pequeños que su duración y mediante un modelo teórico, determinamos un límite en la sensibilidad del sistema que permite medir retardos del orden de attosegundos utilizando pulsos del orden de femtosegundos. También desarrollamos un dispositivo que hace uso de la interfencia presente en los esquemas basados en WVA para generar un desplazador de haz sintonizable que puede superar las limitaciones impuestas en resolución por el uso de elementos ópticos móviles. En particular, reportamos el resultado de realizar un barrido de la posición de un haz Gaussiano, con ancho 600 μm, a lo largo de un intervalo de 240 μm en pasos de 1 μm. Por otro lado, demostramos la viabilidad del uso del concepto de WVApara aumentar la sensibilidad en sensores de temperatura basados en Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) a través de un experimento. Teniendo en cuenta de que este tipo de sensores se comportan como filtros espectrales cuya frecuencia central está determinada por la temperatura a su alrededor, con el esquema implementado, hemos podido medir corrimientos en frecuencia que son pequeños en comparación con el ancho del espectro de cada FBG. En particular reportamos que el esquema implementado permite mejorar en un factor de cuatro la sensibilidad de los esquemas de medición corrientes. Por último, buscamos dar respuesta a la pregunta: ¿qué puede y qué no puede ofrecer el concepto de WVA cuando se utiliza en mediciones de gran precisión? Mediante el uso de un ejemplo especifico y algunos conceptos básicos de la mecánica cuántica, hemos encontrado que los esquemas basados en WVA no son de utilidad para superar limites fundamentales que surgen al considerar la naturaleza cuántica de la luz. Sin embargo, hemos encontrado que el concepto de WVA puede ser de gran utilidad para mejorar la sensibilidad de esquemas experimentales específicos en donde la sensibilidad puede estar limitada por otros factores diferentes a la naturaleza cuántica de la luz, como por ejemplo el ruido técnico.
For applications such as laser cooling of doped fibers, where it is critical to measure accurately the temperature of a cooled fiber that is very close to room temperature, it is paramount to develop a reliable, very short (mm) fiber temperature sensor with millikelvin resolution and very little drift. We report a second generation of a unique slow-light fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor that meets these stringent requirements. Experiments and modeling establish that its temperature response depends only on well-known material constants of the silica FBG and the response of the probe laser’s wavelength controller. The response is independent of the linewidth of the slow-light resonance, hence different FBGs and/or resonances have the exact same response. Examples of measured cooling in optically pumped Yb-doped fibers show that more reliable thermal contact with the cooled fiber is obtained by wrapping the FBG and the cooled fiber.
We report the implementation of a highly sensitive tunable beam displacer based on the concept of weak value amplification, that allows to displace the centroid of a Gaussian beam a distance much smaller than its beam width without the need to deflect the direction of propagation of the input beam with movable optical elements. The beam's centroid position can be displaced by controlling the linear polarization of the output beam, and the dependence between the centroid's position and the angle of polarization is linear.
Quantum sensing has now become one of the most advanced, rapidly growing areas of research, which permits precise scale of measurement. We have experimentally demonstrated a novel method of probing quantum phenomena of lightmatter interaction especially the fluorescence by utilizing matured fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. In response to the incident excitation, quantum electrodynamic response of fluorophores coated on the FBG causes a shift in the Bragg wavelength. The Bragg wavelength shift is dependent on excitation wavelength and intensity, where the increased lightmatter interaction leads to a higher shift in the Bragg wavelength. Our sensor could probe the fluorescence at microscopic scale showing Bragg wavelength shift of 10 pm per 400 μW of incident excitation power. Capturing fluorescence at this small scale with microwatt of excitation power can be potentially helpful for biosensing applications where the photodamage limit of excitation power is crucial for the dynamic measurement of biological specimens.
We present an inverse weak value amplification (IWVA) scheme to perform precision frequency measurements in an integrated optics environment. The IWVA technique allows us to amplify small signals by introducing a weak perturbation to the system and performing a post-selection on the data. A Bragg grating with two band gaps is used to convert the optical frequency into a phase, and a perturbation is applied to the mode coefficients. We demonstrate the advantages of a Bragg grating with two band gaps for obtaining high transmission and low group velocity. We numerically model the interferometer, and demonstrate that we obtain the desired amplification effect. By using an on-chip device instead of a free space implementation, precision measurements can be carried out in a small volume with reliable performance.