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Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging

Precision frequency measurement on a chip using weak value amplification

John Steinmetz, Kevin Lyons, Meiting Song, Jaime Cárdenas, Andrew N. Jordan

Published Sep 6, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present an inverse weak value amplification (IWVA) scheme to perform precision frequency measurements in an integrated optics environment. The IWVA technique allows us to amplify small signals by introducing a weak perturbation to the system and performing a post-selection on the data. A Bragg grating with two band gaps is used to convert the optical frequency into a phase, and a perturbation is applied to the mode coefficients. We demonstrate the advantages of a Bragg grating with two band gaps for obtaining high transmission and low group velocity. We numerically model the interferometer, and demonstrate that we obtain the desired amplification effect. By using an on-chip device instead of a free space implementation, precision measurements can be carried out in a small volume with reliable performance.

DOI
10.1117/12.2529564

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Weak Value Amplification (WVA) is a signal enhancement technique proposed in 1988 by Aharonov, Albert, and Vaidman that has been widely used to measure tiny changes that otherwise cannot be determined because of technical limitations. It is based on: i) the existence of a weak interaction which couples a property of a system (the system) with a separate degree of freedom (the pointer), and ii) the measurement of an anomalously large mean value of the pointer state (weak mean value), after appropriate pre and post-selection of the state of the system. The usefulness of weak value amplification for measuring extremely small quantities has been demonstrated under a great variety of experimental conditions to measure very small transverse displacements of optical beams, beam deflections, angular shifts, temporal shifts, phase shifts, frequency shifts, velocity measurements and temperature differences, among others. 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By using a specific example and some basic concepts from quantum estimation theory, we have found that while WVA cannot be used to go beyond some fundamental sensitivity limits that arise from considering the full nature of the quantum states, WVA can notwithstanding enhance the sensitivity of real and specific detection schemes that are limited by many other things apart from the quantum nature of the states involved, i.e. technical noise. Weak Value Amplification (WVA) es una técnica experimental propuesta en 1988 por Aharonov, Albert, y Vaidman que ha sido ampliamente utilizada para medir pequeños cambios de variables físicas que en principio no podrían medirse usando otras metodologías debido a limitaciones técnicas. La técnica se basa en: i) la existencia de una interacción débil que acopla una propiedad de un sistema (el sistema) con otro grado de libertad (el metro), y ii) la medición de un valor promedio particularmente grande del metro (weak mean value), después de realizar una selección adecuada de los estados inicial y final del sistema. La utilidad de la técnica para la medición de cantidades extremadamente pequeñas ha sido demostrada en una gran variedad de condiciones experimentales para medir, por ejemplo, desplazamientos transversales de haces ópticos muy pequeños, deflexiones en haces, corrimientos angulares, retardos temporales, cambios de fase, cambios de frecuencia, mediciones de velocidad y diferencias de temperaturas, entre otros. En esta tesis, hacemos uso del concepto de Weak Value Amplification para mejorar el desempeño de algunos esquemas experimentales actuales y también para analizar la verdadera utilidad de esta técnica con respecto a otras alternativas experimentales. En particular, aplicamos el concepto para medir retardos temporales entre pulsos del orden de femtosegundos mucho más pequeños que su duración y mediante un modelo teórico, determinamos un límite en la sensibilidad del sistema que permite medir retardos del orden de attosegundos utilizando pulsos del orden de femtosegundos. También desarrollamos un dispositivo que hace uso de la interfencia presente en los esquemas basados en WVA para generar un desplazador de haz sintonizable que puede superar las limitaciones impuestas en resolución por el uso de elementos ópticos móviles. En particular, reportamos el resultado de realizar un barrido de la posición de un haz Gaussiano, con ancho 600 μm, a lo largo de un intervalo de 240 μm en pasos de 1 μm. Por otro lado, demostramos la viabilidad del uso del concepto de WVApara aumentar la sensibilidad en sensores de temperatura basados en Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) a través de un experimento. 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Weak value amplification (WVA) is a measurement technique in which the effect of a pre- and post-selected system on a weakly interacting probe is magnified. In this thesis, I present the first experimental observation of WVA of a single photon. We observed that a signal photon - sent through a polarization interferometer and post-selected by photodetection in the almost-dark port - can act like eight photons. The effect of this single photon is measured as a nonlinear phase shift on a separate laser beam. The interaction between the two is mediated by a sample of laser- cooled 85Rb atoms. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is used to enhance the nonlinearity and overcome resonant absorption. I believe this work to be the first demonstration of WVA where a deterministic interaction is used to entangle two distinct optical systems. In WVA, the amplification is contingent on discarding a large portion of the original data set. While amplification increases measurement sensitivity, discarding data worsens it. Questioning whether these competing effects conspire to improve or diminish measurement accuracy has resulted recently in controversy. I address this question by calculating the maximum amount of information achievable with the WVA technique. By comparing this information to that achievable by the standard technique, where no post-selection is employed, I show that the WVA technique can be advantageous under a certain class of noise models. Finally, I propose a way to optimally apply the WVA technique.

•Jun 1, 2016•1 citation
We present an inverse weak value amplification (IWVA) scheme to perform precision frequency measurements in an integrated optics environment. The IWVA technique allows us to amplify small signals by introducing a weak perturbation to the system and performing a post-selection on the data. A Bragg grating with two band gaps is used to convert the optical frequency into a phase, and a perturbation is applied to the mode coefficients. We demonstrate the advantages of a Bragg grating with two band gaps for obtaining high transmission and low group velocity. We numerically model the interferometer, and demonstrate that we obtain the desired amplification effect. By using an on-chip device instead of a free space implementation, precision measurements can be carried out in a small volume with reliable performance.
Optical interferometry plays an essential role in precision metrology such as in gravitational wave detection, gyroscopes, and environmental sensing. Weak value amplification enables reaching the shot-noise-limit of sensitivity, which is difficult for most optical sensors, by amplifying the interferometric signal without amplifying certain technical noises. We implement a generalized form of weak value amplification on an integrated photonic platform with a multi-mode interferometer. Our results pave the way for a more sensitive, robust, and compact platform for measuring phase, which can be adapted to fields such as coherent communications and the quantum domain. In this work, we show a 7 dB signal enhancement in our weak value device over a standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer with equal detected optical power, as well as frequency measurements with 2 kHz sensitivity by adding a ring resonator.
Weak value amplification (WVA) has emerged as a powerful technique that enhances measurement precision. However, traditional table-top WVA setups and on-chip demonstrations have not achieved an amplification over 20 dB. The practical limit of the amplification is the fidelity of photon post-selection. To address this limit, we design a weak value device with an over 30 dB interferometer extinction ratio, where the stray light in the dark port is minimized with thermally tunable phase shifters. As a result, the device successfully shows 30 dB WVA, termed ultra-high WVA. This WVA optimization strategy by improving interferometer extinction is extensible to a wide range of WVA-based detections, paving the way for their broader application in practical precision measurements.
We study the amplification of a weak magnetic field with the weak-value amplification (WVA) technique based on the Faraday magneto-optic effect. By using a different scheme to perform the Mach–Zehnder interferometer with the probe in momentum space, we have demonstrated a new, to the best of our knowledge, weak measure protocol to detect the small weak magnetic field by amplifying the phase shift of the Faraday magneto-optic effect. Our numerical results show that our scheme with the WVA technique has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the traditional optical fiber scheme with the open-loop modulation technique. Besides, considering the instrument limitations of our scheme, we have demonstrated the magnetic field resolution at the 10 − 13 T level.
Weak Value Amplification (WVA) is a signal enhancement technique proposed in 1988 by Aharonov, Albert, and Vaidman that has been widely used to measure tiny changes that otherwise cannot be determined because of technical limitations. It is based on: i) the existence of a weak interaction which couples a property of a system (the system) with a separate degree of freedom (the pointer), and ii) the measurement of an anomalously large mean value of the pointer state (weak mean value), after appropriate pre and post-selection of the state of the system. The usefulness of weak value amplification for measuring extremely small quantities has been demonstrated under a great variety of experimental conditions to measure very small transverse displacements of optical beams, beam deflections, angular shifts, temporal shifts, phase shifts, frequency shifts, velocity measurements and temperature differences, among others. In this thesis we make use of this concept to improve current technologies and analyse the true usefulness of this technique with respect to other experimental alternatives. In particular, we have applied the concept to measure femtosecond temporal delays between pulses much smaller than their pulse width. From the theoretical model we estimate that the ultimate sensitivity of this scheme will allow to measure delays of the order of attoseconds using femtosecond laser sources. In addition, we have developed an innovative experimental scheme that makes use of the interference effect present in a WVA scheme to generate a highly-sensitive tunable beam displacer that can outperform the limitations imposed by the use of movable optical elements. From the experimental results, we were able to perform a scan of a Gaussian beam with waist 600 μm over an interval of 240 μm in steps of 1 μm. Moreover, we have implemented a proof-of-concept experiment aimed at increasing the sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensors. The sensors behave as frequency filters whose center is determined by its surrounding temperature. By means of a WVA scheme we were able to measure a polarization dependent frequency shift that is small compared to the width of each FBG spectrum, and from that value we were able to obtain a four-fold enhancement of the sensitivity with respect to current schemes. Finally, we address the question of what can offer the concept of WVA and what can not in terms of achieving high sensitivity measurements. By using a specific example and some basic concepts from quantum estimation theory, we have found that while WVA cannot be used to go beyond some fundamental sensitivity limits that arise from considering the full nature of the quantum states, WVA can notwithstanding enhance the sensitivity of real and specific detection schemes that are limited by many other things apart from the quantum nature of the states involved, i.e. technical noise. Weak Value Amplification (WVA) es una técnica experimental propuesta en 1988 por Aharonov, Albert, y Vaidman que ha sido ampliamente utilizada para medir pequeños cambios de variables físicas que en principio no podrían medirse usando otras metodologías debido a limitaciones técnicas. La técnica se basa en: i) la existencia de una interacción débil que acopla una propiedad de un sistema (el sistema) con otro grado de libertad (el metro), y ii) la medición de un valor promedio particularmente grande del metro (weak mean value), después de realizar una selección adecuada de los estados inicial y final del sistema. La utilidad de la técnica para la medición de cantidades extremadamente pequeñas ha sido demostrada en una gran variedad de condiciones experimentales para medir, por ejemplo, desplazamientos transversales de haces ópticos muy pequeños, deflexiones en haces, corrimientos angulares, retardos temporales, cambios de fase, cambios de frecuencia, mediciones de velocidad y diferencias de temperaturas, entre otros. En esta tesis, hacemos uso del concepto de Weak Value Amplification para mejorar el desempeño de algunos esquemas experimentales actuales y también para analizar la verdadera utilidad de esta técnica con respecto a otras alternativas experimentales. En particular, aplicamos el concepto para medir retardos temporales entre pulsos del orden de femtosegundos mucho más pequeños que su duración y mediante un modelo teórico, determinamos un límite en la sensibilidad del sistema que permite medir retardos del orden de attosegundos utilizando pulsos del orden de femtosegundos. También desarrollamos un dispositivo que hace uso de la interfencia presente en los esquemas basados en WVA para generar un desplazador de haz sintonizable que puede superar las limitaciones impuestas en resolución por el uso de elementos ópticos móviles. En particular, reportamos el resultado de realizar un barrido de la posición de un haz Gaussiano, con ancho 600 μm, a lo largo de un intervalo de 240 μm en pasos de 1 μm. Por otro lado, demostramos la viabilidad del uso del concepto de WVApara aumentar la sensibilidad en sensores de temperatura basados en Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) a través de un experimento. Teniendo en cuenta de que este tipo de sensores se comportan como filtros espectrales cuya frecuencia central está determinada por la temperatura a su alrededor, con el esquema implementado, hemos podido medir corrimientos en frecuencia que son pequeños en comparación con el ancho del espectro de cada FBG. En particular reportamos que el esquema implementado permite mejorar en un factor de cuatro la sensibilidad de los esquemas de medición corrientes. Por último, buscamos dar respuesta a la pregunta: ¿qué puede y qué no puede ofrecer el concepto de WVA cuando se utiliza en mediciones de gran precisión? Mediante el uso de un ejemplo especifico y algunos conceptos básicos de la mecánica cuántica, hemos encontrado que los esquemas basados en WVA no son de utilidad para superar limites fundamentales que surgen al considerar la naturaleza cuántica de la luz. Sin embargo, hemos encontrado que el concepto de WVA puede ser de gran utilidad para mejorar la sensibilidad de esquemas experimentales específicos en donde la sensibilidad puede estar limitada por otros factores diferentes a la naturaleza cuántica de la luz, como por ejemplo el ruido técnico.
We demonstrate the superior robustness of the transition regime in inverse weak-value amplification (IWVA) metrology against key experimental noise sources. For standard IWVA schemes, the transition regime provides enhanced resilience compared to the conventional IWVA regime when subjected to uncorrelated Gaussian technical noise and phase fluctuations. While a larger beam width σ generally suppresses technical noise, we identify that phase fluctuations impose a strict upper bound on the optimal σ . In power-recycled IWVA schemes, where cavity loss and the inherent walk-off effect typically degrade the signal, the transition regime maintains a consistent advantage. Our findings establish the transition regime as the optimal operational point for high-precision measurements, balancing significant signal amplification with robustness against practical noise in both standard and power-recycled configurations.
Weak value amplification (WVA) is a measurement technique in which the effect of a pre- and post-selected system on a weakly interacting probe is magnified. In this thesis, I present the first experimental observation of WVA of a single photon. We observed that a signal photon - sent through a polarization interferometer and post-selected by photodetection in the almost-dark port - can act like eight photons. The effect of this single photon is measured as a nonlinear phase shift on a separate laser beam. The interaction between the two is mediated by a sample of laser- cooled 85Rb atoms. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is used to enhance the nonlinearity and overcome resonant absorption. I believe this work to be the first demonstration of WVA where a deterministic interaction is used to entangle two distinct optical systems. In WVA, the amplification is contingent on discarding a large portion of the original data set. While amplification increases measurement sensitivity, discarding data worsens it. Questioning whether these competing effects conspire to improve or diminish measurement accuracy has resulted recently in controversy. I address this question by calculating the maximum amount of information achievable with the WVA technique. By comparing this information to that achievable by the standard technique, where no post-selection is employed, I show that the WVA technique can be advantageous under a certain class of noise models. Finally, I propose a way to optimally apply the WVA technique.