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Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology II

Probing quantum phenomena using fiber Bragg grating sensor

Sweta Rath, Koushik Sagi Shiva Sreenivasa Dheerendra, Shivananju Bannur Nanjunda

Published Jan 26, 2024• 1 citation

Abstract

Quantum sensing has now become one of the most advanced, rapidly growing areas of research, which permits precise scale of measurement. We have experimentally demonstrated a novel method of probing quantum phenomena of lightmatter interaction especially the fluorescence by utilizing matured fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. In response to the incident excitation, quantum electrodynamic response of fluorophores coated on the FBG causes a shift in the Bragg wavelength. The Bragg wavelength shift is dependent on excitation wavelength and intensity, where the increased lightmatter interaction leads to a higher shift in the Bragg wavelength. Our sensor could probe the fluorescence at microscopic scale showing Bragg wavelength shift of 10 pm per 400 μW of incident excitation power. Capturing fluorescence at this small scale with microwatt of excitation power can be potentially helpful for biosensing applications where the photodamage limit of excitation power is crucial for the dynamic measurement of biological specimens.

DOI: 10.1117/12.3002277

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Quantum sensing has now become one of the most advanced, rapidly growing areas of research, which permits precise scale of measurement. We have experimentally demonstrated a novel method of probing quantum phenomena of lightmatter interaction especially the fluorescence by utilizing matured fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. In response to the incident excitation, quantum electrodynamic response of fluorophores coated on the FBG causes a shift in the Bragg wavelength. The Bragg wavelength shift is dependent on excitation wavelength and intensity, where the increased lightmatter interaction leads to a higher shift in the Bragg wavelength. Our sensor could probe the fluorescence at microscopic scale showing Bragg wavelength shift of 10 pm per 400 μW of incident excitation power. Capturing fluorescence at this small scale with microwatt of excitation power can be potentially helpful for biosensing applications where the photodamage limit of excitation power is crucial for the dynamic measurement of biological specimens.

We propose an interesting result of the trapped multi photons distribution within a fiber Bragg grating. Thetrapped photons are confined by the potential well, which introduce the motion of photons in a fiber Bragg gratingaffected by multi perturbations. The external perturbations are defined as series of nonlinear parametric in terms ofpotential energy. This investigation is developed by using the nonlinear couple mode equations and under Braggresonance condition where the initial frequency of the light,  0 is the same value as the Bragg frequency,  B . Theresults show that the higher perturbation series represents the potential well is much indifferent of equilibrium. Inapplications, the perturbation can cause the trapped photons instability which introduces the escape photons from thepotential well. The applications such as entangled photon source and quantum sensors can be performed.

Fiber-Integrated van der Waals Quantum Sensor The cover image illustrates a fiber-integrated van der Waals quantum sensor. The circular Bragg grating cavity fabricated from hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with optically active spin defects, is integrated with an optical fiber using a deterministic transfer technique. The fiber-integrated hBN cavity enables efficient excitation and collection of signal without the need of a confocal microscope. The fiber-based quantum sensing platform may pave the way to a new generation of robust, remote, multi-functional quantum sensors. For further details, see article number 2401987 by Je-Hyung Kim, Igor Aharonovich, and co-workers.

Abstract The field of quantum optics is undergoing massive growth, which is enabling a host of new applications within the field. The quantum nature of light allows us to push the limits of various techniques including, but not limited to, spectroscopy, interferometry, sensing and imaging. At the heart of these is a need for a reliable source of entangled photons. The quantum revolution is underpinned by ultrashort pulse duration lasers, and especially fiber lasers. Ultrafast fiber lasers provide reliable ultrashort pulse durations at an unprecedented price point.

For applications such as laser cooling of doped fibers, where it is critical to measure accurately the temperature of a cooled fiber that is very close to room temperature, it is paramount to develop a reliable, very short (mm) fiber temperature sensor with millikelvin resolution and very little drift. We report a second generation of a unique slow-light fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor that meets these stringent requirements. Experiments and modeling establish that its temperature response depends only on well-known material constants of the silica FBG and the response of the probe laser’s wavelength controller. The response is independent of the linewidth of the slow-light resonance, hence different FBGs and/or resonances have the exact same response. Examples of measured cooling in optically pumped Yb-doped fibers show that more reliable thermal contact with the cooled fiber is obtained by wrapping the FBG and the cooled fiber.

Quantum sensing leverages quantum resources to enable ultra-precise measurements beyond classical limits, driving transformative advancements in metrology. Optical fiber quantum sensing, integrating optical fiber sensing with quantum technologies, enhances measurement precision and sensitivity from multiple perspectives, such as exploring high-sensitivity optical fiber sensing installations and generating high-quality optical fiber quantum states. Following decades of comprehensive investigations and remarkable advances in optical fiber quantum sensing technology, this review systematically examines research achievements in this field through two complementary perspectives: one is the basic principle of generating optical fiber quantum states and their applications in sensing and the other is optical fiber quantum interferometers and their applications in sensing. Finally, examine current opportunities and challenges as well as the future development of optical fiber quantum sensing.