We present a density-matrix simulation framework for quantum teleportation that integrates a comprehensive set of physically motivated noise channels calibrated to contemporary superconducting processors. Departing from deferred-measurement simplifications, the simulator explicitly tracks measurement branches of the Bell measurement and models realistic effects, including readout misassignment, coherent control errors, leakage, crosstalk, and low-frequency dephasing. The framework produces an end-to-end error budget and is validated against experimental executions, with extensive statistical checks (bootstrap confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, and goodness-of-fit analysis) demonstrating close agreement between predicted and measured state-transfer behavior. Our analysis highlights readout misassignment as the dominant fidelity limiter in the measurement-based protocol and shows that targeted readout mitigation provides higher leverage than equivalent improvements in coherence alone. The implementation is extensible to multi-qubit and networked teleportation protocols and serves as a practical tool for forecasting teleportation performance on near-term quantum hardware.
We present a density-matrix simulation framework for quantum teleportation that integrates a comprehensive set of physically motivated noise channels calibrated to contemporary superconducting processors. Departing from deferred-measurement simplifications, the simulator explicitly tracks measurement branches of the Bell measurement and models realistic effects, including readout misassignment, coherent control errors, leakage, crosstalk, and low-frequency dephasing. The framework produces an end-to-end error budget and is validated against experimental executions, with extensive statistical checks (bootstrap confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, and goodness-of-fit analysis) demonstrating close agreement between predicted and measured state-transfer behavior. Our analysis highlights readout misassignment as the dominant fidelity limiter in the measurement-based protocol and shows that targeted readout mitigation provides higher leverage than equivalent improvements in coherence alone. The implementation is extensible to multi-qubit and networked teleportation protocols and serves as a practical tool for forecasting teleportation performance on near-term quantum hardware.
This paper establishes a comprehensive statistical framework for analyzing quantum teleportation protocols under realistic noisy conditions. We develop novel mathematical tools to characterize the complete statistical distribution of teleportation fidelity, including both mean and variance, for systems experiencing decoherence and channel imperfections. Our analysis demonstrates that the teleportation fidelity follows a characteristic distribution F∼P(Favg,ΔF2) where the variance ΔF2 depends crucially on entanglement quality and channel noise. We derive the optimal resource allocation condition ∂Eent/∂F/∂Cclassical/∂F=β/α that minimizes total resource consumption while achieving target fidelity. Furthermore, we introduce a Bayesian adaptive protocol that enhances robustness against noise through real-time statistical estimation. The theoretical framework is validated through numerical simulations and provides practical guidance for experimental implementations in quantum communication networks.
Abstract Quantum teleportation transfers an unknown qubit state from a sender to a receiver using a shared entangled pair and a classically conditioned correction without moving the physical carrier. On the dynamic-circuit hardware, the complete protocol (which includes mid-circuit measurement and conditional feedforward) now runs on a single circuit. We use this to benchmark three-qubit teleportation on a 156-qubit IBM Heron r2 processor (ibm_fez). A single-qubit RY(θ) input was teleported at six angles along a meridian of the Bloch sphere and reconstructed by state tomography alongside two ablation controls; one without entanglement and the other without feedforward. The full protocol returns a mean fidelity of about 0.945, nearly constant across the angles and above the 2/3 full-Bloch-sphere reference at all six sampled angles. Removing feedforward lowered the fidelity to about 0.51, close to a maximally mixed state. On the other hand, removing entanglement yields (1 + cos²θ)/2 with a mean near 0.75, transferring the population but losing the coherence. Together, these results establish that entanglement and feedforward are both necessary. The calibration-limited fidelity serves as a reference for this class of hardware. A separate run returned a Bell-state fidelity value of 0.957. A branch-resolved analysis confirmed that the four measurement branches are Pauli rotations of the target realigned by feedforward. The reported fidelity depends only on the rotation angle and the device noise.
Noise is a major challenge in quantum computing, affecting the reliability of quantum protocols. In this work, we analytically study the impact of various noise processes, such as depolarization, bit flip, and phase flip, on the quantum state teleportation protocol. Each noise process is modeled as a quantum channel and is applied individually to all qubits after the corresponding unitary operations to simulate realistic conditions. We evaluate the fidelity between the ideal and noisy teleported states to quantify the effect of noise. Our analysis shows that the fidelity decreases polynomially, in general, as the noise strength increases for all noise types, highlighting the sensitivity of state teleportation to different noise mechanisms. However, in the low noise regime, the fidelity decreases only linearly, indicating the robustness of the teleportation protocol. These results provide insight into error characterization and can inform strategies for noise mitigation in practical quantum computing applications.
Identifying dominant noise mechanisms is a central challenge in today’s noisy quantum devices, where every operation is affected by hardware imperfections. To investigate how noise manifests in quantum operations, this study employed a three-qubit teleportation circuit as an experimental probe. Ideal simulations, noisy simulations in Qiskit Aer (readout misassignment, depolarizing, biased Pauli, thermal relaxation), and runs on IBM Brisbane were compared after applying standard X and Z corrections in post-processing. Distinct patterns in the bitstring distributions showed that IBM hardware is dominated by readout-driven effects with mild bias in Pauli error probabilities. A short teleportation “probe” thus provides a simple, circuit-specific diagnostic test to guide noise mitigation. This study aims to determine whether bitstring distributions can serve as fingerprints for identifying dominant noise sources in quantum teleportation circuits.
This work presents a simulation-based study of quantum teleportation for secure communication under ideal, noisy, and adversarial conditions using IBM’s Qiskit framework and the Qiskit Aer simulator. The study begins with the verification of Bell-state entanglement to establish quantum correlation, followed by the implementation of a standard three-qubit quantum teleportation protocol. The teleportation system is evaluated across four experimental scenarios: (i) ideal noiseless teleportation, (ii) depolarizing noise environments, (iii) basis disturbance attacks using unauthorized Hadamard operations, and (iv) entanglement injection attacks introducing an external qubit into the communication channel. Each scenario is analyzed using measurement statistics, probability distributions, and state behavior of the receiver qubit. The results demonstrate that quantum teleportation achieves high fidelity under ideal conditions, while environmental noise introduces statistical degradation in state reconstruction. Furthermore, adversarial interference significantly disrupts teleportation performance, with basis disturbance producing near-uniform probability distributions and entanglement injection altering receiver-side measurement statistics. This study highlights both the robustness and vulnerability of quantum communication protocols and emphasizes the importance of noise mitigation, entanglement security, and attack detection mechanisms in future quantum networking systems. The work is entirely simulation-based and implemented using Python and Qiskit.
Multipartite entangled states are essential for controlled quantum teleportation (CQT). CQT enables secure and conditional quantum information transfer among multiple parties. Recently, the six-qubit “tetrahedron” state was identified as a novel candidate for enabling CQT of a two-qubit state by Z. M. McIntyre and W. A. Coish (2024). Despite its theoretical promise, this state has yet to be experimentally realized. We will employ IBM Qiskit, a quantum computing software package, to perform a classical simulation of the tetrahedron state, modeling realistic conditions that include decoherence, state preparation errors, and measurement imperfections. By examining the influence of noise on entanglement and teleportation fidelity, we aim to gain insights into the state’s feasibility for near-term quantum hardware. This approach involves constructing the quantum circuit for the tetrahedron state, incorporating realistic noise models, and analyzing the cumulative effect of errors at each gate operation. Our ultimate goal is to identify critical noise thresholds that limit the state’s performance and inform future hardware implementations. The insights from these simulations will guide experimental efforts to realize the six-qubit tetrahedron state and advance controlled quantum teleportation protocols for multi-qubit systems.