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Quantum Secure Messaging Using Quantum Teleportation Under Noise and Attack Conditions

Nikhil Kumar

Published May 26, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work presents a simulation-based study of quantum teleportation for secure communication under ideal, noisy, and adversarial conditions using IBM’s Qiskit framework and the Qiskit Aer simulator. The study begins with the verification of Bell-state entanglement to establish quantum correlation, followed by the implementation of a standard three-qubit quantum teleportation protocol. The teleportation system is evaluated across four experimental scenarios: (i) ideal noiseless teleportation, (ii) depolarizing noise environments, (iii) basis disturbance attacks using unauthorized Hadamard operations, and (iv) entanglement injection attacks introducing an external qubit into the communication channel. Each scenario is analyzed using measurement statistics, probability distributions, and state behavior of the receiver qubit. The results demonstrate that quantum teleportation achieves high fidelity under ideal conditions, while environmental noise introduces statistical degradation in state reconstruction. Furthermore, adversarial interference significantly disrupts teleportation performance, with basis disturbance producing near-uniform probability distributions and entanglement injection altering receiver-side measurement statistics. This study highlights both the robustness and vulnerability of quantum communication protocols and emphasizes the importance of noise mitigation, entanglement security, and attack detection mechanisms in future quantum networking systems. The work is entirely simulation-based and implemented using Python and Qiskit.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.20398458

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This work presents a simulation-based study of quantum teleportation for secure communication under ideal, noisy, and adversarial conditions using IBM’s Qiskit framework and the Qiskit Aer simulator. The study begins with the verification of Bell-state entanglement to establish quantum correlation, followed by the implementation of a standard three-qubit quantum teleportation protocol. The teleportation system is evaluated across four experimental scenarios: (i) ideal noiseless teleportation, (ii) depolarizing noise environments, (iii) basis disturbance attacks using unauthorized Hadamard operations, and (iv) entanglement injection attacks introducing an external qubit into the communication channel. Each scenario is analyzed using measurement statistics, probability distributions, and state behavior of the receiver qubit. The results demonstrate that quantum teleportation achieves high fidelity under ideal conditions, while environmental noise introduces statistical degradation in state reconstruction. Furthermore, adversarial interference significantly disrupts teleportation performance, with basis disturbance producing near-uniform probability distributions and entanglement injection altering receiver-side measurement statistics. This study highlights both the robustness and vulnerability of quantum communication protocols and emphasizes the importance of noise mitigation, entanglement security, and attack detection mechanisms in future quantum networking systems. The work is entirely simulation-based and implemented using Python and Qiskit.
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The paper addresses the development of quantum networks (QNs) with entanglementbased Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols.The entanglement (the correlation among the quantum states of several particles) is an essential principle of quantum mechanics.This property has a major impact on the fields of application of QKD systems, the secured cryptographic key exchange and passive attack detection, while it can also be applied in quantum teleportation.Starting from the existing achievements in Europe (a QN for connecting several cities in Randstad, one of the main metropolitan regions in the Netherlands), a case study for a simulated entanglement-based QN is presented, including an ideal scenario (with noiseless QKD) and a nonideal one (with noisy QKD).The experimental settings are differentiated through the link and node fidelity.The simulation process produces general statistics, sender statistics, receiver statistics, the QBER (Quantum Bit Error Rate) and also the raw keys as generated by the entanglement-based protocol.No post-processing (non-quantic) phase is considered for the analyzed setting.Such simulations are useful for properly adjusting the design of a QN while taking into account its expected performance with respect to the non-ideal use-cases with errors that could be caused by an imperfect hardware or by potential eavesdropping actions.
Hiding the identity of involved participants in the network, known as anonymity, is a crucial issue in some cryptographic applications such as electronic voting systems, auctions, digital signatures, and Byzantine agreements. This paper proposes a new anonymous quantum teleportation protocol based on counterfactual communication where no information-carrying particles pass through the channel. It is achieved by the distribution of a counterfactual entanglement among the participants in the network followed by the establishment of an anonymous entanglement between the sender and the receiver. Afterwards, the sender can anonymously teleport a quantum state to the receiver by utilizing the anonymous entanglement. However, the practicality of the anonymous quantum network mainly calls for two performance measures-robustness against adversarial attacks and noisy environments. Motivated by these demands, firstly, we prove the security of our proposed protocol and show that it achieves both the sender and receiver's anonymity in the presence of active adversaries and untrusted parties. Along with anonymity, we also ensure the correctness of the protocol and the privacy of the teleported qubit. Finally, we analyze the robustness of our proposed protocol under the presence of channel noise and compare its fidelity with those of the conventional protocols. The main advantage of our proposed protocol is that it can provide useful anonymous quantum resources for teleportation under noisy environment with a higher security compared to previous protocols.
Identifying dominant noise mechanisms is a central challenge in today’s noisy quantum devices, where every operation is affected by hardware imperfections. To investigate how noise manifests in quantum operations, this study employed a three-qubit teleportation circuit as an experimental probe. Ideal simulations, noisy simulations in Qiskit Aer (readout misassignment, depolarizing, biased Pauli, thermal relaxation), and runs on IBM Brisbane were compared after applying standard X and Z corrections in post-processing. Distinct patterns in the bitstring distributions showed that IBM hardware is dominated by readout-driven effects with mild bias in Pauli error probabilities. A short teleportation “probe” thus provides a simple, circuit-specific diagnostic test to guide noise mitigation. This study aims to determine whether bitstring distributions can serve as fingerprints for identifying dominant noise sources in quantum teleportation circuits.
Noise is a major challenge in quantum computing, affecting the reliability of quantum protocols. In this work, we analytically study the impact of various noise processes, such as depolarization, bit flip, and phase flip, on the quantum state teleportation protocol. Each noise process is modeled as a quantum channel and is applied individually to all qubits after the corresponding unitary operations to simulate realistic conditions. We evaluate the fidelity between the ideal and noisy teleported states to quantify the effect of noise. Our analysis shows that the fidelity decreases polynomially, in general, as the noise strength increases for all noise types, highlighting the sensitivity of state teleportation to different noise mechanisms. However, in the low noise regime, the fidelity decreases only linearly, indicating the robustness of the teleportation protocol. These results provide insight into error characterization and can inform strategies for noise mitigation in practical quantum computing applications.
Abstract Quantum teleportation as the key strategy for quantum communication requires pure maximally shared entangled states among quantum nodes. In practice, quantum decoherence drastically degrades the shared entanglement during entanglement distribution, which is a serious challenge for the development of quantum networks. However, most of the decoherence control strategies proposed thus far are either resource-intensive or time-consuming. To overcome this obstacle, we enable noise-resistant teleportation through a noisy channel with a limited number of qubits and without applying time-consuming weak measurements. We apply a quantum gate control unit consisting of a controlled NOT gate and a rotation gate after the original teleportation protocol is accomplished. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a teleportation fidelity of unity is attainable when environment-assisted measurement is added to the proposed teleportation protocol via quantum gates. Moreover, we present an entanglement distribution process by employing the designed quantum gate control unit followed by the deterministic standard teleportation protocol to improve teleportation fidelity by establishing improved shared entanglement. Our performance analysis indicates that the proposed teleportation schemes offer a competitive fidelity and success probability compared with the conventional schemes and a recent weak measurement-based teleportation protocol.