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International Conference on Connected Intelligence for Industrial Applications (CI2A)

Enhancing Security in Quantum Communication: BB84 Protocol Simulation Utilising QKD

Angeline M. Flashy, Nithya Varshini C N R, V.P. Kolanchinathan, Sreedevi S, Pravin P, Shanker N R

Published Apr 3, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/ci2a69097.2026.11576944

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One promising way to use quantum information to secure everyday communication is through the distribution of quantum keys. By exchanging a secret key, the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) approach allows two parties to communicate securely.BB84 protocol is among the most well-known QKD protocols. In this protocol, qubits are exchanged via a quantum channel between the sender and the receiver. This enables them to produce a shared key that is impenetrable to eavesdroppers and illustrate the fundamental ideas of QKD using current simulations and implementations. The results of this study demonstrate that the BB84 protocol is a highly secure QKD technique that has been investigated in great detail and used in a variety of contexts. Additionally, over the enhancements made to the BB84 protocol such as the use of advanced error correction techniques and decoy states to increase its security and usability is discussed. With an emphasis on the BB84 protocol in secure communication technologies, this study offers an extensive analysis of QKD systems overall.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technique that enables secure communication between two parties by sharing a secret key. One of the most well-known QKD protocols is the BB84 protocol, proposed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. In this protocol, Alice and Bob use a quantum channel to exchange qubits, allowing them to generate a shared key that is resistant to eavesdropping. This paper presents a comparative study of existing QKD schemes, including the BB84 protocol, and highlights the advancements made in the BB84 protocol over the years. The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different QKD schemes and their strengths and weaknesses and demonstrate QKDs working principles through existing simulations and implementations. Through this study, we show that the BB84 protocol is a highly secure QKD scheme that has been extensively studied and implemented in various settings. Furthermore, we discuss the improvements made to the BB84 protocol to enhance its security and practicality, including the use of decoy states and advanced error correction techniques. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of QKD schemes, focusing on the BB84 protocol in secure communication technologies.
Metasurfaces showcase unique abilities to arbitrarily manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic (EM) waves, facilitating their application in wireless communication. In the propagation of EM waves, traditional methods cause severe security concerns in channel/deciphering under eavesdropping. Fortunately, quantum communication, based on quantum key distribution (QKD) of the BB84 protocol, endows the transmission with high security. However, the conventional QKD technology relies on complicated manipulation of a single photon and is prone to channel collapses once an eavesdropper intervenes. Furthermore, the merit of the BB84 protocol has not been realized in metasurfaces as a transmission channel. Here, we, for the first time as far as we know, used metasurfaces to implement wireless transmission of quantum information via the first QKD protocol, BB84. These metasurfaces provided four conjugated quantum states to concretely demonstrate the BB84 protocol through a conveyor-type switching method. High-fidelity holographic results were obtained at ∼10 GHz and beyond in both experiment and simulation. As compared with traditional QKD technology, our BB84 protocol based on metasurfaces is more stable and secure in information transmission. In addition, the metasurfaces have electromechanical switchable mode, empowering them to have multidisciplinary functions in wireless communication, e.g., program-controlled antennas, intelligent reflectors, and variable metalens.