Multipartite entangled states are essential for controlled quantum teleportation (CQT). CQT enables secure and conditional quantum information transfer among multiple parties. Recently, the six-qubit “tetrahedron” state was identified as a novel candidate for enabling CQT of a two-qubit state by Z. M. McIntyre and W. A. Coish (2024). Despite its theoretical promise, this state has yet to be experimentally realized. We will employ IBM Qiskit, a quantum computing software package, to perform a classical simulation of the tetrahedron state, modeling realistic conditions that include decoherence, state preparation errors, and measurement imperfections. By examining the influence of noise on entanglement and teleportation fidelity, we aim to gain insights into the state’s feasibility for near-term quantum hardware. This approach involves constructing the quantum circuit for the tetrahedron state, incorporating realistic noise models, and analyzing the cumulative effect of errors at each gate operation. Our ultimate goal is to identify critical noise thresholds that limit the state’s performance and inform future hardware implementations. The insights from these simulations will guide experimental efforts to realize the six-qubit tetrahedron state and advance controlled quantum teleportation protocols for multi-qubit systems.
Multipartite entangled states are essential for controlled quantum teleportation (CQT). CQT enables secure and conditional quantum information transfer among multiple parties. Recently, the six-qubit “tetrahedron” state was identified as a novel candidate for enabling CQT of a two-qubit state by Z. M. McIntyre and W. A. Coish (2024). Despite its theoretical promise, this state has yet to be experimentally realized. We will employ IBM Qiskit, a quantum computing software package, to perform a classical simulation of the tetrahedron state, modeling realistic conditions that include decoherence, state preparation errors, and measurement imperfections. By examining the influence of noise on entanglement and teleportation fidelity, we aim to gain insights into the state’s feasibility for near-term quantum hardware. This approach involves constructing the quantum circuit for the tetrahedron state, incorporating realistic noise models, and analyzing the cumulative effect of errors at each gate operation. Our ultimate goal is to identify critical noise thresholds that limit the state’s performance and inform future hardware implementations. The insights from these simulations will guide experimental efforts to realize the six-qubit tetrahedron state and advance controlled quantum teleportation protocols for multi-qubit systems.
Bennett and his team pioneered the quantum teleportation protocol, a breakthrough where Alice transmits quantum information to Bob through a pre-shared entangled quantum channel. Remarkably, this transmission occurs without physically moving the information, relying on a combination of classical communication and quantum entanglement. This protocol not only demonstrates the essence of quantum entanglement but also underscores its potential in the realm of information transfer. The success of quantum teleportation experiments extends across various physical systems, with a particular emphasis on achieving effectiveness over long distances. Looking forward, future developments in this field may lead to multi-party protocols, thereby advancing both quantum communication and computing capabilities. A crucial component in quantum teleportation networks is controlled quantum teleportation (CQT), holding significant promise for the emerging concept of the quantum internet. In the preceding chapter, our exploration centered on the practical application of quantum teleportation protocols, with a specific focus on two key approaches: standard quantum teleportation and CQT. Our examination delved into the fundamental principles of quantum teleportation, encompassing critical concepts such as quantum entanglement, non-cloning, superposition, and the importance of measurements like fidelity. Throughout the chapter, we dedicated special attention to both the theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum teleportation, considering the intricacies of systems with continuous variables (CVs) as well as those with discrete variables (DVs).
This work presents a simulation-based study of quantum teleportation for secure communication under ideal, noisy, and adversarial conditions using IBM’s Qiskit framework and the Qiskit Aer simulator. The study begins with the verification of Bell-state entanglement to establish quantum correlation, followed by the implementation of a standard three-qubit quantum teleportation protocol. The teleportation system is evaluated across four experimental scenarios: (i) ideal noiseless teleportation, (ii) depolarizing noise environments, (iii) basis disturbance attacks using unauthorized Hadamard operations, and (iv) entanglement injection attacks introducing an external qubit into the communication channel. Each scenario is analyzed using measurement statistics, probability distributions, and state behavior of the receiver qubit. The results demonstrate that quantum teleportation achieves high fidelity under ideal conditions, while environmental noise introduces statistical degradation in state reconstruction. Furthermore, adversarial interference significantly disrupts teleportation performance, with basis disturbance producing near-uniform probability distributions and entanglement injection altering receiver-side measurement statistics. This study highlights both the robustness and vulnerability of quantum communication protocols and emphasizes the importance of noise mitigation, entanglement security, and attack detection mechanisms in future quantum networking systems. The work is entirely simulation-based and implemented using Python and Qiskit.
Abstract This laboratory work presents a practical implementation of quantum teleportation and superdense coding using the Qiskit framework. The material is based on educational resources developed by the International Quantum Center at CERN (Switzerland) and is designed to provide hands-on experience with multi-qubit quantum protocols and hybrid quantum-classical workflows. In Laboratory Work No. 5, participants implement the quantum teleportation protocol step by step. The procedure begins with the preparation of a randomly generated qubit by directly assigning complex probability amplitudes. The state vector is normalized to ensure physical validity, defining the amplitudes corresponding to the computational basis states ∣0⟩|0\rangle∣0⟩ and ∣1⟩|1\rangle∣1⟩. Once the qubit is prepared for teleportation, an entangled Bell pair is generated to establish a shared quantum channel between two parties, conventionally referred to as Alice and Bob. The protocol proceeds with joint operations and measurement of two classical bits on Alice’s side. The measurement outcomes determine conditional unitary corrections applied to Bob’s qubit, enabling the reconstruction of the original quantum state without physically transmitting the qubit itself. The laboratory exercise includes the construction of a circuit with separate quantum registers and classical bits, explicit amplitude assignment for Alice’s qubit, and verification of successful state transfer through measurement statistics. In addition to teleportation, the conceptual framework of superdense coding is discussed as a complementary protocol demonstrating how entanglement enhances classical information capacity. Together, these experiments illustrate the operational role of entanglement as a quantum communication resource. The guide emphasizes practical circuit design, normalization of quantum states, entanglement generation, conditional gate operations, and execution on both simulators and real quantum hardware. Through this laboratory work, participants gain experimental insight into two cornerstone protocols of quantum information science.
Abstract Multi-hop quantum teleportation is a fundamental technique for enabling scalable, long-distance quantum communication, making it a key building block for future quantum networks. In this paper, we present a generalized multi-hop quantum controlled teleportation (MQCT) protocol that enables more flexible transfer across complex network architectures. We perform a detailed analysis of the protocol’s performance under realistic noise conditions, focusing on the impact of various noise sources on both the teleportation process and the underlying quantum channels. To assess its practical performance, we implemented the protocol on an IBM quantum (IBMQ) computer. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the protocol in near-term quantum devices and provide valuable insights into its behavior under real-world quantum noise, paving the way for more reliable quantum communication systems.
Quantum teleportation (QT) is the principal method of transferring quantum states from one place to another without actually revealing which quantum state is being transferred. This protocol makes use of entangled states shared between the sending and receiving stations, and two bits of classical information. However, in real communication systems which are used to carry the entangled state, a typical noise results in the degradation of the fidelity of teleported states. The protocol of controlled quantum teleportation (CQT) represents an extension to the standard quantum teleportation (SQT) with includes the third entity, so called “controller“, and is based on sharing of a tripartite entangled quantum state. The role of controller is to permit the fidelity of teleported state to be higher than it can be done using only classical resources.
As a typical noise has detrimental effect on the performance of quantum teleportation protocols, In this work, a study of different noisy channels, which can exhibit the Markovian or non-Markovian dynamics is presented. Each noisy channel is characterized by the teleportation fidelity and by the control power.
Quantum controlled teleportation is the transmission of the quantum state under the supervision of a third party. This paper presents the theoretical and experimental results of an arbitrary two-qubit quantum controlled teleportation scheme, in which the sender Alice only needs to perform two Bell state measurements and the receiver Bob can perform an appropriate unitary operation to reconstruct the arbitrary two-qubit states under the control of the supervisor Charlie. The operation process of the scheme is verified on the IBM quantum experience platform, and the accuracy of the transmitted quantum state is further checked by performing quantum state tomography. Meanwhile, a good fidelity is obtained by using the theoretical density matrix and the experimental density matrix. A sequence of photonic states is introduced to analyze the possible intercept–replace–resend, intercept–measure–resend, and entanglement–measure–resend attacks on this scheme. The results proved that our scheme is highly secure.