Frontiers in Physics

Efficient semi-quantum dialogue protocol using single-photon

Jian-Tao Cui, Jun-Yao Liu, Xiangjun Xin, Chao-Yang Li, Fagen Li, Ling Zhang

Published Mar 23, 2026• 0 citations

Abstract

Semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) enables secure bidirectional communication even when one participant has limited quantum capabilities. In order to solve the problems of low efficiency and quantum resource constraints, an efficient SQD protocol using single-photon is proposed. In the SQD, one communicating party needs to have semi-quantum capabilities to complete the dialogue, which could consume lower quantum resource. Moreover, single photons as quantum channels significantly reduces both preparation and operational costs. Finally, decryption can be performed without any classical disclosure, effectively preventing potential information leakage. Security analysis demonstrates resilience against common attacks, including intercept-resend, measure-resend, entanglement-measurement, and Trojan horse attacks, with no information leakage. Compared with existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, our proposed protocol consumes fewer quantum resources while achieving higher communication efficiency and enhanced security.

DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2026.1806357

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