Abstract A controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol is proposed that uses semi-quantum cryptography and the concept of ‘control’. In this scheme, the supervisor Charlie prepares a large number of entangled photon pairs and separates them into an S A for verification and an S B for encoding. The quantum-capable party Alice and the classical communication party Bob proceed to encode on the S B sequence only after confirming the security of the channel. Finally, Alice performs measurements and announces the results to finalise the communication. This protocol ensures that secret information is exchanged between Alice and Bob only with Charlie’s permission, while Charlie has no access to the communicators’ secret information during the whole process. In terms of security, the protocol contains two strict security checks and accounts for noise, making it robust against both internal and external attacks, which greatly improves the security and reliability of the protocol. Finally, the efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol outperforms other existing protocols in terms of efficiency and its actual efficiency can approach the theoretical limit through optimization.
Abstract A controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol is proposed that uses semi-quantum cryptography and the concept of ‘control’. In this scheme, the supervisor Charlie prepares a large number of entangled photon pairs and separates them into an S A for verification and an S B for encoding. The quantum-capable party Alice and the classical communication party Bob proceed to encode on the S B sequence only after confirming the security of the channel. Finally, Alice performs measurements and announces the results to finalise the communication. This protocol ensures that secret information is exchanged between Alice and Bob only with Charlie’s permission, while Charlie has no access to the communicators’ secret information during the whole process. In terms of security, the protocol contains two strict security checks and accounts for noise, making it robust against both internal and external attacks, which greatly improves the security and reliability of the protocol. Finally, the efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol outperforms other existing protocols in terms of efficiency and its actual efficiency can approach the theoretical limit through optimization.
Abstract Quantum dialogue enables two communicators to send their own secret information to each other, but most of the current quantum dialogue protocols have high requirements for the hardware equipment and capabilities of the communicators. In order to reduce the cost of participant, a semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is studied in this paper. In our protocol, we combines the idea of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication to realize the exchange of secret information between Alice and Bob, Alice’s information is transmitted to Bob through semi-quantum secure direct communication, while Bob’s message is extracted by Alice through semi-quantum key distribution and one-time pad encryption. This is different from the previous semi-quantum dialogue protocols, and is a new way of thinking. The security analysis shows that our protocol can not only resist the conventional attack strategies, but also has not the drawback of ‘information leakage’ problem. Compared with the existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, it has some advantages, such as high communication efficiency, saving classical participant’s consumption and security. Although this protocol requires the preparation and analysis of hyperentangled Bell state, which are slightly more complex, it will be shown that all these are achievable by current technology. Our protocol is fully implementable, so it has good application prospects.
A novel scheme of controlled secure quantum dialogue by using Brown states was proposed in this paper.It this scheme,Alice,Bob and Charlie shared a five-particle Brown states.Alice made unitary operations on two particles of the Brown states to realize encoding her secret calssical message.Similarly,Bob performed corresponding unitary transformations to another two particles to encode the information that he wanted to send to Alice.Later,Charlie made Brown base states joint measurement on the Brown final state and announced the measured results.Alice and Bob deduced the opposite party′s information according to Charlie′s announced measurement results and her(his)unitary operation when encoding.They completed quantum dialogue successfully.Then the scheme′s security was discussed and a conclusion was drawn.Compared with the previous quantum dialogues,the secure quantum dialogue scheme adds the controlled party,ensures the communication security,and increases the particles number involving in the communication process and the coding efficiency.
Abstract Based on the six-particle entangled state, this paper proposes a multi-party controllable quantum secure dialogue protocol, where the dialogue parties only need to perform single operation to efficiently encode secret information and embed the control information into a fixed particle sequence in order, ensuring the orderly transmission of information. Additionally, the protocol introduces a unique honesty detection mechanism, which relies on the classical XOR relationship of three qubits in a GHZ-like state, effectively guaranteeing the credibility of the controllers. The protocol allows two dialogue parties to synchronously obtain secret information with the permission of all controllers, without relying on additional classical channel, greatly enhancing communication efficiency and security. Through rigorous security analysis, it is proven that the protocol can effectively resist various potential attacks from both internal and external sources.
In this paper, a controlled quantum dialogue (CQD) protocol based on Brown states is proposed. In the beginning, the controller Cindy creates a five-qubit Brown state as the channel and distributes it to the other two communication participants, Alice and Bob. Then, Alice and Bob can encode the secret key by performing unitary operation onto the entangled particles that Cindy sends to them. Finally, the messages can be exchanged by entanglement swapping and the results of Bell state measurement. The security analysis shows that our protocol cannot only solves the problem of information leakage, but also can effectively prevent a variety of well-known attacks. Under the control of Cindy, there are two possible decoding methods for participants to obtain each other's information, improving communication security. In addition, this protocol does not involve complex quantum operations and demonstrates a good physical operational feasibility.
To solve the fundamental problem of excessive consumption of classical resources and the simultaneous security vulnerabilities in semi-quantum dialogue systems, a multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed. A single controlling party is vulnerable to information compromise due to tampering or betrayal; the multi-party controlled mechanism (Charlie1 to Charlien) in this protocol establishes a distributed trust model. It mandates collective authorization from all controlling parties, significantly enhancing its robust resilience against untrustworthy controllers or collusion attacks. The classical participant Bob uses an adaptive Huffman compression algorithm to provide a framework for information transmission. This encoding mechanism assigns values to each character by constructing a Huffman tree, generating optimal prefix codes that significantly optimize the storage space complexity for the classical participant. By integrating the “immediate measurement and transmission” mechanism into the multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol and coupling it with Huffman compression coding technology, this framework enables classical parties to execute encoding and decoding operations. The security of this protocol is rigorously proven through information-theoretic analysis and shows that it is resistant to common attacks. Furthermore, even in the presence of malicious controlling parties, this protocol robustly safeguards secret information against theft. The efficiency analysis shows that the proposed protocol provides benefits such as high communication efficiency and lower resource consumption for classical participants.
Abstract We introduce a new three-party semi-quantum dialogue (3P-SQD) protocol that combines GHZ-state-based semi-quantum communication, a Grover’s algorithm-driven 2-bit encoding scheme, and hypergraph-based access control. In each round, the fully quantum participant Alice sends two bits, whereas the semi-quantum participants Bob and Charlie, restricted to semi-quantum operations such as measurements in the computational basis and reflection, each transmit one bit. The protocol incorporates probe state checking, Grover’s algorithm-based encoding, and hypergraph-based authorization. It achieves information-theoretic security and controlled access, while preserving high message throughput and imposing no additional requirements on the semi-quantum users.