Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physica Scripta

Semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states

Guo-Fang Shi

Published Oct 5, 2023• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Quantum dialogue enables two communicators to send their own secret information to each other, but most of the current quantum dialogue protocols have high requirements for the hardware equipment and capabilities of the communicators. In order to reduce the cost of participant, a semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is studied in this paper. In our protocol, we combines the idea of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication to realize the exchange of secret information between Alice and Bob, Alice’s information is transmitted to Bob through semi-quantum secure direct communication, while Bob’s message is extracted by Alice through semi-quantum key distribution and one-time pad encryption. This is different from the previous semi-quantum dialogue protocols, and is a new way of thinking. The security analysis shows that our protocol can not only resist the conventional attack strategies, but also has not the drawback of ‘information leakage’ problem. Compared with the existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, it has some advantages, such as high communication efficiency, saving classical participant’s consumption and security. Although this protocol requires the preparation and analysis of hyperentangled Bell state, which are slightly more complex, it will be shown that all these are achievable by current technology. Our protocol is fully implementable, so it has good application prospects.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ad007f

Related papers

Two semi-quantum secure direct communication protocols based on Bell states

Yuhua Sun, Lili Yan, Yan Zuo Chang +3 more

Quantum secure direct communication allows one participant to transmit secret messages to another directly without generating a shared secret key first. In most of the existing schemes, quantum secure direct communication can be achieved only when the two participants have full quantum ability. In this paper, we propose two semi-quantum secure direct communication protocols to allow restricted semi-quantum or “classical” users to participate in quantum communication. A semi-quantum user is restricted to measure, prepare, reorder and reflect quantum qubits only in the classical basis [Formula: see text]. Both protocols rely on quantum Alice to randomly prepare Bell states, perform Bell basis measurements and publish the initial Bell states, but the semi-quantum Bob only needs to measure the qubits in classical basis to obtain secret information without quantum memory. Security and qubit efficiency analysis have been given in this paper. The analysis results show that the two protocols can avoid some eavesdropping attacks and their qubit efficiency is higher than some current related quantum or semi-quantum protocols.

Modern Physics Letters A•Dec 7, 2018•43 citations

Multi-Party Controlled Semi-Quantum Dialogue Protocol Based on Hyperentangled Bell States

Meng-Na Zhao, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Yinqi Feng

To solve the fundamental problem of excessive consumption of classical resources and the simultaneous security vulnerabilities in semi-quantum dialogue systems, a multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed. A single controlling party is vulnerable to information compromise due to tampering or betrayal; the multi-party controlled mechanism (Charlie1 to Charlien) in this protocol establishes a distributed trust model. It mandates collective authorization from all controlling parties, significantly enhancing its robust resilience against untrustworthy controllers or collusion attacks. The classical participant Bob uses an adaptive Huffman compression algorithm to provide a framework for information transmission. This encoding mechanism assigns values to each character by constructing a Huffman tree, generating optimal prefix codes that significantly optimize the storage space complexity for the classical participant. By integrating the “immediate measurement and transmission” mechanism into the multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol and coupling it with Huffman compression coding technology, this framework enables classical parties to execute encoding and decoding operations. The security of this protocol is rigorously proven through information-theoretic analysis and shows that it is resistant to common attacks. Furthermore, even in the presence of malicious controlling parties, this protocol robustly safeguards secret information against theft. The efficiency analysis shows that the proposed protocol provides benefits such as high communication efficiency and lower resource consumption for classical participants.

Entropy•Jun 21, 2025•4 citations

Controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on Bell states

Yinqi Feng, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Feng Lu +1 more

Abstract A controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol is proposed that uses semi-quantum cryptography and the concept of ‘control’. In this scheme, the supervisor Charlie prepares a large number of entangled photon pairs and separates them into an S A for verification and an S B for encoding. The quantum-capable party Alice and the classical communication party Bob proceed to encode on the S B sequence only after confirming the security of the channel. Finally, Alice performs measurements and announces the results to finalise the communication. This protocol ensures that secret information is exchanged between Alice and Bob only with Charlie’s permission, while Charlie has no access to the communicators’ secret information during the whole process. In terms of security, the protocol contains two strict security checks and accounts for noise, making it robust against both internal and external attacks, which greatly improves the security and reliability of the protocol. Finally, the efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol outperforms other existing protocols in terms of efficiency and its actual efficiency can approach the theoretical limit through optimization.

Physica Scripta•Aug 4, 2025•1 citation

Two quantum dialogue schemes based on Bell states and two-qutrit entangled states without information leakage

Zhu Zhenchao

Drawing on the idea of the quantum secure direct communication(QSDC),a novel quantum dialogue scheme based on Bell states is presented in this paper.The proposed scheme can realize authorized parties' secure exchange of their respective secret messages simultaneously only through one communication.In this scheme,a random bit string and checking particles are used to ensure the security;the scheme is secure against eavesdropper's commonly used attacks,such as intercept/resend attack,Trojan horse attack and entanglement attack.A serious problem called leakage or correlation is found in some quantum dialogue protocols,namely,any eavesdropper can elicit some information about the secret from the classical communication of the legal users.Fortunately,our protocol can discard the drawback leakage.In addition,our protocol possesses high efficiency 66.7% and is feasible.Finally,the protocol is applied to the scheme based on two-qutrit entangled states with a secure communication.

Journal of National University of Defense Technology•Jan 1, 2012•5 citations

Multi-party semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states

Yuan Tian, Jian Li, Chong‐Qiang Ye +1 more

Semi-quantum key distribution allows generating a raw key between two communication participants, in which the sender is a quantum participant and the receiver is a classical participant. This article presents an original semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. The hyperentangled Bell states can be entangled simultaneously in polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, enhancing channel capacity. According to the characteristics of hyperentangled Bell states, the proposed protocol is more efficient than the protocol based on Bell states. Moreover, the measure–resend attack, the intercept–resend attack, and the entangle–measure attack are analyzed in detail. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure. In addition, a multi-party semi-quantum key distribution scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed, which can realize key distribution between one quantum participant and multiple classical participants.

Frontiers in Physics•Oct 13, 2022•13 citations

Efficient semi-quantum dialogue protocol using single-photon

Jian-Tao Cui, Jun-Yao Liu, Xiangjun Xin +3 more

Semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) enables secure bidirectional communication even when one participant has limited quantum capabilities. In order to solve the problems of low efficiency and quantum resource constraints, an efficient SQD protocol using single-photon is proposed. In the SQD, one communicating party needs to have semi-quantum capabilities to complete the dialogue, which could consume lower quantum resource. Moreover, single photons as quantum channels significantly reduces both preparation and operational costs. Finally, decryption can be performed without any classical disclosure, effectively preventing potential information leakage. Security analysis demonstrates resilience against common attacks, including intercept-resend, measure-resend, entanglement-measurement, and Trojan horse attacks, with no information leakage. Compared with existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, our proposed protocol consumes fewer quantum resources while achieving higher communication efficiency and enhanced security.

Frontiers in Physics•Mar 23, 2026•0 citations
Abstract Quantum dialogue enables two communicators to send their own secret information to each other, but most of the current quantum dialogue protocols have high requirements for the hardware equipment and capabilities of the communicators. In order to reduce the cost of participant, a semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is studied in this paper. In our protocol, we combines the idea of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication to realize the exchange of secret information between Alice and Bob, Alice’s information is transmitted to Bob through semi-quantum secure direct communication, while Bob’s message is extracted by Alice through semi-quantum key distribution and one-time pad encryption. This is different from the previous semi-quantum dialogue protocols, and is a new way of thinking. The security analysis shows that our protocol can not only resist the conventional attack strategies, but also has not the drawback of ‘information leakage’ problem. Compared with the existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, it has some advantages, such as high communication efficiency, saving classical participant’s consumption and security. Although this protocol requires the preparation and analysis of hyperentangled Bell state, which are slightly more complex, it will be shown that all these are achievable by current technology. Our protocol is fully implementable, so it has good application prospects.
Quantum secure direct communication allows one participant to transmit secret messages to another directly without generating a shared secret key first. In most of the existing schemes, quantum secure direct communication can be achieved only when the two participants have full quantum ability. In this paper, we propose two semi-quantum secure direct communication protocols to allow restricted semi-quantum or “classical” users to participate in quantum communication. A semi-quantum user is restricted to measure, prepare, reorder and reflect quantum qubits only in the classical basis [Formula: see text]. Both protocols rely on quantum Alice to randomly prepare Bell states, perform Bell basis measurements and publish the initial Bell states, but the semi-quantum Bob only needs to measure the qubits in classical basis to obtain secret information without quantum memory. Security and qubit efficiency analysis have been given in this paper. The analysis results show that the two protocols can avoid some eavesdropping attacks and their qubit efficiency is higher than some current related quantum or semi-quantum protocols.
To solve the fundamental problem of excessive consumption of classical resources and the simultaneous security vulnerabilities in semi-quantum dialogue systems, a multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed. A single controlling party is vulnerable to information compromise due to tampering or betrayal; the multi-party controlled mechanism (Charlie1 to Charlien) in this protocol establishes a distributed trust model. It mandates collective authorization from all controlling parties, significantly enhancing its robust resilience against untrustworthy controllers or collusion attacks. The classical participant Bob uses an adaptive Huffman compression algorithm to provide a framework for information transmission. This encoding mechanism assigns values to each character by constructing a Huffman tree, generating optimal prefix codes that significantly optimize the storage space complexity for the classical participant. By integrating the “immediate measurement and transmission” mechanism into the multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol and coupling it with Huffman compression coding technology, this framework enables classical parties to execute encoding and decoding operations. The security of this protocol is rigorously proven through information-theoretic analysis and shows that it is resistant to common attacks. Furthermore, even in the presence of malicious controlling parties, this protocol robustly safeguards secret information against theft. The efficiency analysis shows that the proposed protocol provides benefits such as high communication efficiency and lower resource consumption for classical participants.
Abstract A controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol is proposed that uses semi-quantum cryptography and the concept of ‘control’. In this scheme, the supervisor Charlie prepares a large number of entangled photon pairs and separates them into an S A for verification and an S B for encoding. The quantum-capable party Alice and the classical communication party Bob proceed to encode on the S B sequence only after confirming the security of the channel. Finally, Alice performs measurements and announces the results to finalise the communication. This protocol ensures that secret information is exchanged between Alice and Bob only with Charlie’s permission, while Charlie has no access to the communicators’ secret information during the whole process. In terms of security, the protocol contains two strict security checks and accounts for noise, making it robust against both internal and external attacks, which greatly improves the security and reliability of the protocol. Finally, the efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol outperforms other existing protocols in terms of efficiency and its actual efficiency can approach the theoretical limit through optimization.
Drawing on the idea of the quantum secure direct communication(QSDC),a novel quantum dialogue scheme based on Bell states is presented in this paper.The proposed scheme can realize authorized parties' secure exchange of their respective secret messages simultaneously only through one communication.In this scheme,a random bit string and checking particles are used to ensure the security;the scheme is secure against eavesdropper's commonly used attacks,such as intercept/resend attack,Trojan horse attack and entanglement attack.A serious problem called leakage or correlation is found in some quantum dialogue protocols,namely,any eavesdropper can elicit some information about the secret from the classical communication of the legal users.Fortunately,our protocol can discard the drawback leakage.In addition,our protocol possesses high efficiency 66.7% and is feasible.Finally,the protocol is applied to the scheme based on two-qutrit entangled states with a secure communication.
Semi-quantum key distribution allows generating a raw key between two communication participants, in which the sender is a quantum participant and the receiver is a classical participant. This article presents an original semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. The hyperentangled Bell states can be entangled simultaneously in polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, enhancing channel capacity. According to the characteristics of hyperentangled Bell states, the proposed protocol is more efficient than the protocol based on Bell states. Moreover, the measure–resend attack, the intercept–resend attack, and the entangle–measure attack are analyzed in detail. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure. In addition, a multi-party semi-quantum key distribution scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed, which can realize key distribution between one quantum participant and multiple classical participants.
Semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) enables secure bidirectional communication even when one participant has limited quantum capabilities. In order to solve the problems of low efficiency and quantum resource constraints, an efficient SQD protocol using single-photon is proposed. In the SQD, one communicating party needs to have semi-quantum capabilities to complete the dialogue, which could consume lower quantum resource. Moreover, single photons as quantum channels significantly reduces both preparation and operational costs. Finally, decryption can be performed without any classical disclosure, effectively preventing potential information leakage. Security analysis demonstrates resilience against common attacks, including intercept-resend, measure-resend, entanglement-measurement, and Trojan horse attacks, with no information leakage. Compared with existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, our proposed protocol consumes fewer quantum resources while achieving higher communication efficiency and enhanced security.