Frontiers in Physics

Multi-party semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states

Yuan Tian, Jian Li, Chong‐Qiang Ye, Chaoyang Li

Published Oct 13, 2022• 13 citations

Abstract

Semi-quantum key distribution allows generating a raw key between two communication participants, in which the sender is a quantum participant and the receiver is a classical participant. This article presents an original semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. The hyperentangled Bell states can be entangled simultaneously in polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, enhancing channel capacity. According to the characteristics of hyperentangled Bell states, the proposed protocol is more efficient than the protocol based on Bell states. Moreover, the measure–resend attack, the intercept–resend attack, and the entangle–measure attack are analyzed in detail. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure. In addition, a multi-party semi-quantum key distribution scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed, which can realize key distribution between one quantum participant and multiple classical participants.

DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2022.1023443

Related papers

One Step Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on the Hyperentangled Bell State

Yanyan Hou, Jian Li, Hengji Li +4 more

Considering the security and efficiency of quantum communication system, one step quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell state is proposed. Every 6 classical bits are divided into a group, which are encoded by single particle and hyperentangled Bell state, the sender Alice sends them to receiver Bob, Bob randomly selects the position of hyperentangled Bell state to measure and detects the existence of eavesdropper Eve by comparing measurement results in his hand and transmitted by Alice. Quantum key distribution protocol based on grouping is proposed to solve the storage problem of quantum information and improve the maneuverability, a security analysis is calculated under the intercept-measure-resend attack which introduce at least an error rate of 46.875%, if Eve wants to get all the information, the probability of detection eavesdropping under the entanglement-measure attack is 93.75%, so it proves that proposed protocol does not need to store the quantum state and asymptotically secure under intercept-measure-resend attack and entanglement-measure attack.

IEEE AccessJan 1, 20193 citations

Semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on the hyperentanglement Bell state of polarization-spatial mode

Ling Xu

The semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on the hyperentanglement Bell state of polarization-spatial mode is presented in this paper. This protocol is utilized to share the session keys and construct key hierarchy of security systems in high capacity between the legitimate users securely. Different from the previous protocols, two quantum non-demolition detectors are constructed with cross-Kerr nonlinearities and different phase shifts for distinguishing the Bell states in spatial mode degree of freedom. Meanwhile, this protocol can improve the capacity and efficiency when the legitimate users share the session keys. And the technology of the hyperentanglement purification and hyperentanglement concentration can enhance the robustness and stability of this protocol. At last, this protocol proposed in this paper can withstand several kinds of attacks.

Modern Physics Letters BAug 13, 20203 citations

Semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states

Guo-Fang Shi

Abstract Quantum dialogue enables two communicators to send their own secret information to each other, but most of the current quantum dialogue protocols have high requirements for the hardware equipment and capabilities of the communicators. In order to reduce the cost of participant, a semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is studied in this paper. In our protocol, we combines the idea of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication to realize the exchange of secret information between Alice and Bob, Alice’s information is transmitted to Bob through semi-quantum secure direct communication, while Bob’s message is extracted by Alice through semi-quantum key distribution and one-time pad encryption. This is different from the previous semi-quantum dialogue protocols, and is a new way of thinking. The security analysis shows that our protocol can not only resist the conventional attack strategies, but also has not the drawback of ‘information leakage’ problem. Compared with the existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, it has some advantages, such as high communication efficiency, saving classical participant’s consumption and security. Although this protocol requires the preparation and analysis of hyperentangled Bell state, which are slightly more complex, it will be shown that all these are achievable by current technology. Our protocol is fully implementable, so it has good application prospects.

Physica ScriptaOct 5, 202321 citations

Semi-quantum key distribution with two classical users

Wan Qing Wu, Chen Yang Sun

Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) is an important research issue which allows one quantum participant equipped with advanced quantum devices to distribute a shared secret key securely with one classical user who has restricted capabilities. In this paper, we propose a SQKD protocol which allows one quantum user to distribute two different private secret keys to two classical users respectively at the same time. Alice distributes two particle sequences from Bell states to Bob and Charlie respectively. Once the particles have been processed and returned, Alice can simultaneously detect reflected particles by Bob and Charlie based on Bell-state measurement and generate two different raw keys. To enable more participants in sharing keys, this protocol can be extended to the m + 1 party communication scheme by employing m-particle GHZ state. In large-scale communication networks, this extended model significantly reduces the complexity of communication compared to the traditional SQKD scheme. Security analyses show that the presented protocol is free from several general attacks, such as the entangle-measure attack, the modification attack, the double CNOT attack, and so on.

Frontiers in PhysicsOct 20, 20223 citations

Multi-Party Controlled Semi-Quantum Dialogue Protocol Based on Hyperentangled Bell States

Meng-Na Zhao, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Yinqi Feng

To solve the fundamental problem of excessive consumption of classical resources and the simultaneous security vulnerabilities in semi-quantum dialogue systems, a multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed. A single controlling party is vulnerable to information compromise due to tampering or betrayal; the multi-party controlled mechanism (Charlie1 to Charlien) in this protocol establishes a distributed trust model. It mandates collective authorization from all controlling parties, significantly enhancing its robust resilience against untrustworthy controllers or collusion attacks. The classical participant Bob uses an adaptive Huffman compression algorithm to provide a framework for information transmission. This encoding mechanism assigns values to each character by constructing a Huffman tree, generating optimal prefix codes that significantly optimize the storage space complexity for the classical participant. By integrating the “immediate measurement and transmission” mechanism into the multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol and coupling it with Huffman compression coding technology, this framework enables classical parties to execute encoding and decoding operations. The security of this protocol is rigorously proven through information-theoretic analysis and shows that it is resistant to common attacks. Furthermore, even in the presence of malicious controlling parties, this protocol robustly safeguards secret information against theft. The efficiency analysis shows that the proposed protocol provides benefits such as high communication efficiency and lower resource consumption for classical participants.

EntropyJun 21, 20254 citations

Four-party quantum secure direct communication based on hyperentangled bell states

Ran Guo, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Xiao-Xue Zhang

Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) is a promising approach for secure information exchange. This paper proposes an efficient and secure four-party QSDC scheme utilizing hyperentangled Bell states in the polarization degree of freedom, the first longitudinal momentum degree of freedom and the second longitudinal momentum degree of freedom. The four participants can perform different unitary operations to independently encode their secret messages onto photons in three degrees of freedom, subsequently transmitting them directly through the quantum channel. In this proposed protocol, each degree of freedom of the photon can effectively carry two bits of information. Each round of transmission by a photon enables the four legitimate participants to obtain six classical bits of information. Notably, when compared to other photons based single-degree-of-freedom QSDC network protocols, the capacity of proposed QSDC protocol is tripled. Therefore, it significantly enhances the information transmission capability. Furthermore, comprehensive security analysis shows that our QSDC network protocol can withstand various attacks from external eavesdroppers.

Modern Physics Letters BMar 19, 20243 citations