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Chinese Physics B

Three-party semi-quantum dialogue enhanced with Grover’s algorithm based encoding and hypergraph access control

Rui Tao, Jin-Zhe Jiang, Zhihua Zhang

Published May 26, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We introduce a new three-party semi-quantum dialogue (3P-SQD) protocol that combines GHZ-state-based semi-quantum communication, a Grover’s algorithm-driven 2-bit encoding scheme, and hypergraph-based access control. In each round, the fully quantum participant Alice sends two bits, whereas the semi-quantum participants Bob and Charlie, restricted to semi-quantum operations such as measurements in the computational basis and reflection, each transmit one bit. The protocol incorporates probe state checking, Grover’s algorithm-based encoding, and hypergraph-based authorization. It achieves information-theoretic security and controlled access, while preserving high message throughput and imposing no additional requirements on the semi-quantum users.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ae7274

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Abstract We introduce a new three-party semi-quantum dialogue (3P-SQD) protocol that combines GHZ-state-based semi-quantum communication, a Grover’s algorithm-driven 2-bit encoding scheme, and hypergraph-based access control. In each round, the fully quantum participant Alice sends two bits, whereas the semi-quantum participants Bob and Charlie, restricted to semi-quantum operations such as measurements in the computational basis and reflection, each transmit one bit. The protocol incorporates probe state checking, Grover’s algorithm-based encoding, and hypergraph-based authorization. It achieves information-theoretic security and controlled access, while preserving high message throughput and imposing no additional requirements on the semi-quantum users.
Abstract A controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol is proposed that uses semi-quantum cryptography and the concept of ‘control’. In this scheme, the supervisor Charlie prepares a large number of entangled photon pairs and separates them into an S A for verification and an S B for encoding. The quantum-capable party Alice and the classical communication party Bob proceed to encode on the S B sequence only after confirming the security of the channel. Finally, Alice performs measurements and announces the results to finalise the communication. This protocol ensures that secret information is exchanged between Alice and Bob only with Charlie’s permission, while Charlie has no access to the communicators’ secret information during the whole process. In terms of security, the protocol contains two strict security checks and accounts for noise, making it robust against both internal and external attacks, which greatly improves the security and reliability of the protocol. Finally, the efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol outperforms other existing protocols in terms of efficiency and its actual efficiency can approach the theoretical limit through optimization.
Abstract Quantum dialogue enables two communicators to send their own secret information to each other, but most of the current quantum dialogue protocols have high requirements for the hardware equipment and capabilities of the communicators. In order to reduce the cost of participant, a semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is studied in this paper. In our protocol, we combines the idea of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication to realize the exchange of secret information between Alice and Bob, Alice’s information is transmitted to Bob through semi-quantum secure direct communication, while Bob’s message is extracted by Alice through semi-quantum key distribution and one-time pad encryption. This is different from the previous semi-quantum dialogue protocols, and is a new way of thinking. The security analysis shows that our protocol can not only resist the conventional attack strategies, but also has not the drawback of ‘information leakage’ problem. Compared with the existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, it has some advantages, such as high communication efficiency, saving classical participant’s consumption and security. Although this protocol requires the preparation and analysis of hyperentangled Bell state, which are slightly more complex, it will be shown that all these are achievable by current technology. Our protocol is fully implementable, so it has good application prospects.
To solve the fundamental problem of excessive consumption of classical resources and the simultaneous security vulnerabilities in semi-quantum dialogue systems, a multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed. A single controlling party is vulnerable to information compromise due to tampering or betrayal; the multi-party controlled mechanism (Charlie1 to Charlien) in this protocol establishes a distributed trust model. It mandates collective authorization from all controlling parties, significantly enhancing its robust resilience against untrustworthy controllers or collusion attacks. The classical participant Bob uses an adaptive Huffman compression algorithm to provide a framework for information transmission. This encoding mechanism assigns values to each character by constructing a Huffman tree, generating optimal prefix codes that significantly optimize the storage space complexity for the classical participant. By integrating the “immediate measurement and transmission” mechanism into the multi-party controlled semi-quantum dialogue protocol and coupling it with Huffman compression coding technology, this framework enables classical parties to execute encoding and decoding operations. The security of this protocol is rigorously proven through information-theoretic analysis and shows that it is resistant to common attacks. Furthermore, even in the presence of malicious controlling parties, this protocol robustly safeguards secret information against theft. The efficiency analysis shows that the proposed protocol provides benefits such as high communication efficiency and lower resource consumption for classical participants.
A controlled multi-party quantum dialogue scheme in the network based on high dimensional multi-qudit entangled GHZ states is proposed. In our scheme, a semi-honest third party (TP) is introduced to assist the implementation of the scheme. Each user can be thought of as one node in the network and is connected by classical links and quantum links. In the network, multiple users can exchange their private messages with each other simultaneously under the control of TP. With the aid of secure classical channels and quantum channels, the proposed protocol can be ensured with unconditionally security. In addition, our protocol requires single-qudit measurements only which weakens the hardware requirements of network nodes. Compared with previous quantum dialogue protocols, our scheme demonstrates a large operating flexibility.
Abstract To address the dual challenges of scarce quantum resources and measurement device vulnerabilities in practical quantum dialogue (QD) protocols, this paper proposes a measurement-device-independent semi-quantum dialogue (MDI-SQD) protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. Employing a dual-degree-of-freedom encoding strategy, the protocol enables both parties to simultaneously encode secret messages and authentication information across their respective degrees of freedom, achieving identity verification and message transmission in a single round. To counter side-channel attacks, the protocol further incorporates a MDI framework, delegating critical measurement steps to untrusted third parties to effectively safeguard protocol security. Theoretical analysis demonstrates robust resistance to attacks. Performance evaluations reveal communication efficiency reaching 75%, significantly outperforming existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols.
Through the analysis of "Three-party semi-quantum protocol for deterministic secure quantum dialogue based on GHZ states", we demonstrate that the protocol is vulnerable to attacks from dishonest participants. Specifically, the fully quantum-capable participant may behave dishonestly, leading the two semi-quantum participants to receive incorrect secret information, with the dishonest behavior remaining undetected. Accordingly, we propose an improved protocol that demonstrates robustness against various internal and external attacks, including dishonest participant attacks, and we further prove that it does not suffer from information leakage. Moreover, compared to the original protocol, the improved version achieves a significant enhancement in quantum communication efficiency.