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Physica Scripta

Semi-quantum secure dialogue by using single photons in both polarization and spatial degrees of freedom

Guo-Fang Shi

Published Jul 8, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Most existing semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocols have low communication efficiency and often require classical party to configure different delay lines, resulting in high costs and complex systems. This paper ingeniously combines the concepts of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication, utilizing single photons with both polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom as information carriers to design a high-capacity SQD protocol. Theoretical analysis confirms that the protocol has good security and can resist common quantum attacks. Compared with most current schemes, its advantages are not only its novel design style and higher communication efficiency, but also the elimination of the need for a delay line at classical party, which effectively reduces communication costs and system complexity. Furthermore, given the maturity of single-photon manipulation techniques, the scheme is easy to implement in experiments and thus shows promising application prospects.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ae87dd

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Abstract Most existing semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocols have low communication efficiency and often require classical party to configure different delay lines, resulting in high costs and complex systems. This paper ingeniously combines the concepts of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication, utilizing single photons with both polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom as information carriers to design a high-capacity SQD protocol. Theoretical analysis confirms that the protocol has good security and can resist common quantum attacks. Compared with most current schemes, its advantages are not only its novel design style and higher communication efficiency, but also the elimination of the need for a delay line at classical party, which effectively reduces communication costs and system complexity. Furthermore, given the maturity of single-photon manipulation techniques, the scheme is easy to implement in experiments and thus shows promising application prospects.
Semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) enables secure bidirectional communication even when one participant has limited quantum capabilities. In order to solve the problems of low efficiency and quantum resource constraints, an efficient SQD protocol using single-photon is proposed. In the SQD, one communicating party needs to have semi-quantum capabilities to complete the dialogue, which could consume lower quantum resource. Moreover, single photons as quantum channels significantly reduces both preparation and operational costs. Finally, decryption can be performed without any classical disclosure, effectively preventing potential information leakage. Security analysis demonstrates resilience against common attacks, including intercept-resend, measure-resend, entanglement-measurement, and Trojan horse attacks, with no information leakage. Compared with existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, our proposed protocol consumes fewer quantum resources while achieving higher communication efficiency and enhanced security.
In this paper, a novel information-leakage-resistant quantum dialogue (QD) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom is proposed. This protocol utilizes quantum encryption technology to overcome the information leakage problem; the protocol utilizes quantum encryption and decoy photon technologies to dually protect the single photons with two degrees of freedom used for encoding two communicants’ private classical bits, and makes the initial states of the single photons with two degrees of freedom for encoding shared between two communicants through quantum key encryption and decryption. The information-theoretical efficiency of this protocol is 40%.
This paper puts forward a novel quantum dialogue (QD) protocol without information leakage based on single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the receiver sends his private message to the sender in the way of quantum secure direct communication; and the receiver decodes out the private message of the sender with the help of auxiliary single photons in two degrees of freedom, double controlled-not (CNOT) operations and an auxiliary classical bit sequence sent from the sender. As a result, no information leakage takes place. Moreover, this protocol is proven to defeat the intercept-resend attack, the measure-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and the Trojan horse attack from an outside eavesdropper. This protocol only employs single photons in two degrees of freedom as quantum resource and needs single-photon measurements. The qubit efficiency of this protocol is as high as 66.7%.
Abstract Quantum dialogue enables two communicators to send their own secret information to each other, but most of the current quantum dialogue protocols have high requirements for the hardware equipment and capabilities of the communicators. In order to reduce the cost of participant, a semi-quantum dialogue scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is studied in this paper. In our protocol, we combines the idea of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication to realize the exchange of secret information between Alice and Bob, Alice’s information is transmitted to Bob through semi-quantum secure direct communication, while Bob’s message is extracted by Alice through semi-quantum key distribution and one-time pad encryption. This is different from the previous semi-quantum dialogue protocols, and is a new way of thinking. The security analysis shows that our protocol can not only resist the conventional attack strategies, but also has not the drawback of ‘information leakage’ problem. Compared with the existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols, it has some advantages, such as high communication efficiency, saving classical participant’s consumption and security. Although this protocol requires the preparation and analysis of hyperentangled Bell state, which are slightly more complex, it will be shown that all these are achievable by current technology. Our protocol is fully implementable, so it has good application prospects.
Semi-quantum protocol is a hot topic in quantum cryptography. One of the original motivational reasons to study semi-quantum protocol is to better understand “how quantum” a protocol needs to be in order to gain an advantage over its classical counterpart. Semi-quantum secure direct communication (SQSDC) is an important branch of the semi-quantum protocol, which makes it possible to directly transfer large amounts of data between quantum participant and classical participant without need to share the secret key in advance. In this paper, we propose two new SQSDC protocols based on single photons to study how to reduce the quantum resource requirements of both quantum participant and classical participant. In both protocols, the classical participant requires neither quantum memory or quantum delay lines. We first propose in the first protocol that the quantum participant only need to prepare single-state qubits in the preparation phase, which is different from previous SQSDC protocols. Then we propose in the second protocol that quantum participant can accomplish the same work as the first one even without quantum memory. Efficiency analysis shows that the first protocol is more efficient than some protocol, and the second one can save more quantum resources at the expense of some efficiency. Compared with the existing SQSDC protocols based on single photons, both protocols can use fewer quantum states or quantum resource requirements than other protocols. Finally, we analyze the security of both protocols.
In this paper, we propose a new controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. Based on the defined local collective unitary operations, the sender’s secret messages can be transmitted directly to the receiver through encoding secret messages on the particles. Only with the help of the third side, the receiver can reconstruct the secret messages. Each single photon in two degrees of freedom can carry two bits of information, so the cost of our protocol is less than others using entangled qubits. Moreover, the security of our QSDC network protocol is discussed comprehensively. It is shown that our new CQSDC protocol cannot only defend the outsider eavesdroppers’ several sorts of attacks but also the inside attacks. Besides, our protocol is feasible since the preparation and the measurement of single photon quantum states in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom are available with current quantum techniques.