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arXiv:2205.08317 · Zhongguo kexue. Wulixue Lixue Tianwenxue

Quantum dialogue based on quantum encryption with single photons in both polarization and spatial-modedegrees of freedom

Tian-Yu Ye, Mao-Jie Geng, Tian-Jie Xu, Ying Chen

Published Aug 6, 2021• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper, a novel information-leakage-resistant quantum dialogue (QD) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom is proposed. This protocol utilizes quantum encryption technology to overcome the information leakage problem; the protocol utilizes quantum encryption and decoy photon technologies to dually protect the single photons with two degrees of freedom used for encoding two communicants’ private classical bits, and makes the initial states of the single photons with two degrees of freedom for encoding shared between two communicants through quantum key encryption and decryption. The information-theoretical efficiency of this protocol is 40%.

DOI
10.1360/sspma-2021-0188

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In this paper, a novel information-leakage-resistant quantum dialogue (QD) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom is proposed. This protocol utilizes quantum encryption technology to overcome the information leakage problem; the protocol utilizes quantum encryption and decoy photon technologies to dually protect the single photons with two degrees of freedom used for encoding two communicants’ private classical bits, and makes the initial states of the single photons with two degrees of freedom for encoding shared between two communicants through quantum key encryption and decryption. The information-theoretical efficiency of this protocol is 40%.
This paper puts forward a novel quantum dialogue (QD) protocol without information leakage based on single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the receiver sends his private message to the sender in the way of quantum secure direct communication; and the receiver decodes out the private message of the sender with the help of auxiliary single photons in two degrees of freedom, double controlled-not (CNOT) operations and an auxiliary classical bit sequence sent from the sender. As a result, no information leakage takes place. Moreover, this protocol is proven to defeat the intercept-resend attack, the measure-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and the Trojan horse attack from an outside eavesdropper. This protocol only employs single photons in two degrees of freedom as quantum resource and needs single-photon measurements. The qubit efficiency of this protocol is as high as 66.7%.
How to solve the information leakage problem has become the research focus of quantum dialogue. In this paper, in order to overcome the information leakage problem in quantum dialogue, a novel approach for sharing the initial quantum state privately between communicators, i.e., quantum encryption sharing, is proposed by utilizing the idea of quantum encryption. The proposed protocol uses EPR pairs as the private quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the traveling photons, which can be repeatedly used after rotation. Due to quantum encryption sharing, the public announcement on the state of the initial quantum state is omitted, thus the information leakage problem is overcome. The information-theoretical efficiency of the proposed protocol is nearly 100%, much higher than previous information leakage resistant quantum dialogue protocols. Moreover, the proposed protocol only needs single-photon measurements and nearly uses single photons as quantum resource so that it is convenient to implement in practice.
Abstract Most existing semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocols have low communication efficiency and often require classical party to configure different delay lines, resulting in high costs and complex systems. This paper ingeniously combines the concepts of semi-quantum key distribution and semi-quantum secure direct communication, utilizing single photons with both polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom as information carriers to design a high-capacity SQD protocol. Theoretical analysis confirms that the protocol has good security and can resist common quantum attacks. Compared with most current schemes, its advantages are not only its novel design style and higher communication efficiency, but also the elimination of the need for a delay line at classical party, which effectively reduces communication costs and system complexity. Furthermore, given the maturity of single-photon manipulation techniques, the scheme is easy to implement in experiments and thus shows promising application prospects.
In this paper, a quantum dialogue (QD) protocol without information leakage is proposed at first by using single photons as the quantum resource, where each single photon is directly encoded for transmitting secret messages. Two communication parties share the quantum state generation rule in advance. The preparation party reads out the other party's secret messages by virtue of quantum secure direct communication. The other party decodes out the preparation party's secret messages with the aid of a classical information sequence indicating the preparation bases of single photons sent from the preparation party. In this way, the information leakage problem is avoided. The proposed protocol with single photons only needs the single-photon measurements. Different from Shi's two recent QD protocols based on single photons, the proposed protocol with single photons needs neither to prepare two adjacent single photons in the same quantum state nor to perform the controlled-not (CNOT) operations. Finally, the proposed protocol with single photons is generalized into the cases of resisting collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise by using logical qubits as the quantum resource, respectively.
A quantum dialogue protocol based on single photons is proposed in this paper, two legitimate dialogue parties can send their secret messages to each other simultaneously. The protocol is secure against the denial of service attack, the delay-photon Trojan horse attack and invisible photon eavesdropping attack. Moreover, it can overcome the information leakage problem existed in most previous quantum dialogue protocols. Compared with the only secure quantum dialogue protocol based on single photons which also can overcome the information leakage problem as far as we know, our protocol has a higher efficiency for qubits. The protocol is experimentally feasible within current technologies.