Using cryptography correctly is crucial in the current situation to safeguard data and ensure data security during data transfer. In this digital era, messages must be appropriately encrypted and decoded to prevent data misuse and ensure its accessibility to the intended recipient. Conventional cryptography techniques mostly depend on the mathematical intricacy of the encoding functions and the shared key. One such encoding approach that we may take into consideration is the Vigenere cipher algorithm. In this study, we want to apply this strategy utilizing reversible logic with the assistance of two helpful tools, namely, IBM Quantum (IBMQ) and QCADesigner. The encoder and decoder circuits for the Vigenere cipher are therefore proposed in this work in QCADesigner by utilizing Peres and DG gates in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) that consist of a single layer with 42 cells for encryption and 47 cells for decryption. The proposed circuit outperforms the existing ones concerning area, cell count and latency. Given that the layouts’ energy consumption is assessed, it is guaranteed that the QCA nanodevice might serve as a stand-in platform for the creation of reversible circuits. The same simulation outcome was also obtained while building the identical circuits in a quantum presentation using IBMQ. The two applications are closely connected and both rely on quantum concepts. The outcomes are therefore verified for each of the two situations. The reversible Vigenere cipher technique enhances data security. Further sophisticated low-power nanoscale lossless nanocommunication architecture may be created with the help of the suggested circuits.
Using cryptography correctly is crucial in the current situation to safeguard data and ensure data security during data transfer. In this digital era, messages must be appropriately encrypted and decoded to prevent data misuse and ensure its accessibility to the intended recipient. Conventional cryptography techniques mostly depend on the mathematical intricacy of the encoding functions and the shared key. One such encoding approach that we may take into consideration is the Vigenere cipher algorithm. In this study, we want to apply this strategy utilizing reversible logic with the assistance of two helpful tools, namely, IBM Quantum (IBMQ) and QCADesigner. The encoder and decoder circuits for the Vigenere cipher are therefore proposed in this work in QCADesigner by utilizing Peres and DG gates in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) that consist of a single layer with 42 cells for encryption and 47 cells for decryption. The proposed circuit outperforms the existing ones concerning area, cell count and latency. Given that the layouts’ energy consumption is assessed, it is guaranteed that the QCA nanodevice might serve as a stand-in platform for the creation of reversible circuits. The same simulation outcome was also obtained while building the identical circuits in a quantum presentation using IBMQ. The two applications are closely connected and both rely on quantum concepts. The outcomes are therefore verified for each of the two situations. The reversible Vigenere cipher technique enhances data security. Further sophisticated low-power nanoscale lossless nanocommunication architecture may be created with the help of the suggested circuits.
Abstract Security of information is an important issue during the transmission of information. The device that performs the encoding and decoding process is called the encoder and decoder, respectively. The major issues to develop such devices are circuit complexity and power dissipation at the nanoscale level. This can be fixed by utilising the features of reversible logic with Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) device as a promising archetype for an alternative to the traditional transistor‐based device. QCA has high protection against side‐channel attacks, especially from power analysis attacks. All those features of QCA influence the researchers to explore several QCA‐based cryptographic models of nanocommunication for secure data transmission. Here, the existing QCA‐based circuits for cryptographic architecture are explored and compared concerning their circuit complexity, device area, and operating speeds. The working principles of each of those existing architectures have been demonstrated in detail. Besides, the embedding of reversible logic in QCA cryptographic architecture is also explored. The architectures are compared in terms of the logic used in the design. Finally, the major key issues are identified and addressed in the context of cryptographic models for future secure data transmission processes.
Abstract In the cryptographic domain, quantum and its real-time hardware simulation make it easier to secure data during communication. Here, using quantum logic, a unique encryption technique called Reversible select, cross, and variation (RSCV) encryption and decryption, which involves swapping input data halves, is shown. In this article using IBM Q, we created a cryptographic encoder and decoder circuit design utilizing various quantum gates. Based on the encoder/decoder circuit, a simple nanocommunication framework is proposed. Further, to explore the application of the noise model, how to utilize this model to create noisy replicas of these quantum circuits to research the impacts of noise that occur for actual device output is shown. To reduce measurement mistakes, measurement calibration is performed using qiskit ignis model. Preparing all 2n basis input states and calculating the likelihood of counting in the other basis states are the key concepts. The percentage improvement we achieved is 40%, 30%, and 30%, respectively, compared to earlier ones, in RSCV encryption, decryption, and RSCV cryptographic communication architecture for fake provider noise error model. It is feasible to adjust the average outcomes of an additional interesting experiment using these calibrations.
QCA, which stands for Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata, is a nanotechnology model that offers an alternative solution to the widely used CMOS technology. Unlike CMOS, QCA is a semiconductor-less technology that transmits information based on the charge of electrons and the electrostatic repulsion between them. This technology provides several advantages over CMOS, including higher device density, faster switching speed, and lower power consumption. When it comes to cryptographic applications, QCA circuits can be extremely useful. Both encryption and decryption processes can be implemented using logic circuits based on QCA. The research paper describes a basic method for generating ciphertext in QCA, which is useful in secure nano communication based on QCA. The paper discusses how to achieve secure authentication in encrypted communication using QCA. To evaluate the performance and test the proposed method, the researchers used the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. This is a software tool specifically designed for designing and simulating QCA circuits. It enables researchers to model and analyze the behavior of QCA-based systems, allowing them to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of their proposed encryption technique. Overall, the research paper aims to present a secure encryption method using QCA and demonstrates its implementation and testing using the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. By leveraging the unique properties of QCA, such as high device density and low power consumption, the researchers aim to provide a novel approach for secure nano communication and cryptographic applications.
Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a rising innovation which seems to be a good competitor for the next generation of digital systems and widely utilized as a part of advanced frameworks.It is an appealing substitute to ordinary CMOS innovation because of diminutive size, faster speed, extremely scalable feature, ultralow power consumption and better switching frequency.The realization of quantum computation is not possible without reversible logic.Reversible logic has enlarged operations in quantum computation.Generally reversible computing is executed when system composes of reversible gates.It has numerous fields of use as applied science, quantum dot cellular automata as well as low power VLSI circuits, low power CMOS, digital signal processing, computer graphics.In this paper, the quantum implementation of primitive reversible gate has been presented.The proposed gates have been designed and simulated using QCADesigner.
The effects of quantum mechanics dominate nanoscale devices, where Moore’s law no longer holds true. Additionally, with the recent rapid development of quantum computers, the development of reversible gates to overcome the problems of energy and information loss and the nano-level quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology to efficiently implement them are in the spotlight. In this study, a full adder-subtractor, a core operation of the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the most important hardware device in computer operations, is implemented as a circuit capable of reversible operation using QCA-based reversible gates. The proposed circuit consists of one reversible QCA gate and two Feynman gates and is designed as a multi-layer structure for efficient use of area and minimization of delay. The proposed circuit is tested on QCADesigner 2.0.3 and QCADesigner-E 2.2 and shows the best performance and lowest energy dissipation. In particular, it shows tremendous improvement rates of 180% and 562% in two representative standard design cost indicators compared to the best existing studies, and also shows the highest circuit average output polarization.
Reversible logic has emerged as a pivotal area of study in the realm of computing, primarily due to its potential for energy efficient computation. Reversible cryptographic logic is an important area in applications such as signal processing, nanotechnology, bio-information, low power and lightweight applications and cyber security. The area and power constraints are as well taken into account of cryptographic protocol. In addition, intruders and hackers may snoop or modify identified data sent over the channel. Reversible cryptographic logic can be installed to prevent this situation. For this there is a need to study with optimal metrics viz. quantum cost, area, and performance. The feedback shift register is used for encryption and decryption techniques in a symmetrical way. This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical modeling framework for reversible logic circuits, focusing on the fundamental principles that govern their operation. We explore various reversible gate designs, analyze their operational efficiencies, and derive mathematical expressions that describe their behavior. By employing tools from combinatorial optimization and linear algebra, we investigate the trade-offs between circuit complexity and energy consumption. The modeling framework is validated through simulation results, which illustrate the advantages of reversible logic over traditional irreversible circuits in specific applications. Our findings highlight the significance of reversible logic in advancing quantum computing, low power digital systems and sustainable computing paradigms.