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Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography

A review on quantum utility for secure authentication protocol towards cryptographic standard in quantum dot cellular automata

Suparba Tapna, Kisalaya Chakrabarti, Debarka Mukhopadhyay

Published Jan 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

QCA, which stands for Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata, is a nanotechnology model that offers an alternative solution to the widely used CMOS technology. Unlike CMOS, QCA is a semiconductor-less technology that transmits information based on the charge of electrons and the electrostatic repulsion between them. This technology provides several advantages over CMOS, including higher device density, faster switching speed, and lower power consumption. When it comes to cryptographic applications, QCA circuits can be extremely useful. Both encryption and decryption processes can be implemented using logic circuits based on QCA. The research paper describes a basic method for generating ciphertext in QCA, which is useful in secure nano communication based on QCA. The paper discusses how to achieve secure authentication in encrypted communication using QCA. To evaluate the performance and test the proposed method, the researchers used the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. This is a software tool specifically designed for designing and simulating QCA circuits. It enables researchers to model and analyze the behavior of QCA-based systems, allowing them to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of their proposed encryption technique. Overall, the research paper aims to present a secure encryption method using QCA and demonstrates its implementation and testing using the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. By leveraging the unique properties of QCA, such as high device density and low power consumption, the researchers aim to provide a novel approach for secure nano communication and cryptographic applications.

DOI
10.47974/jdmsc-1995

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QCA, which stands for Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata, is a nanotechnology model that offers an alternative solution to the widely used CMOS technology. Unlike CMOS, QCA is a semiconductor-less technology that transmits information based on the charge of electrons and the electrostatic repulsion between them. This technology provides several advantages over CMOS, including higher device density, faster switching speed, and lower power consumption. When it comes to cryptographic applications, QCA circuits can be extremely useful. Both encryption and decryption processes can be implemented using logic circuits based on QCA. The research paper describes a basic method for generating ciphertext in QCA, which is useful in secure nano communication based on QCA. The paper discusses how to achieve secure authentication in encrypted communication using QCA. To evaluate the performance and test the proposed method, the researchers used the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. This is a software tool specifically designed for designing and simulating QCA circuits. It enables researchers to model and analyze the behavior of QCA-based systems, allowing them to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of their proposed encryption technique. Overall, the research paper aims to present a secure encryption method using QCA and demonstrates its implementation and testing using the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. By leveraging the unique properties of QCA, such as high device density and low power consumption, the researchers aim to provide a novel approach for secure nano communication and cryptographic applications.
Abstract Security of information is an important issue during the transmission of information. The device that performs the encoding and decoding process is called the encoder and decoder, respectively. The major issues to develop such devices are circuit complexity and power dissipation at the nanoscale level. This can be fixed by utilising the features of reversible logic with Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) device as a promising archetype for an alternative to the traditional transistor‐based device. QCA has high protection against side‐channel attacks, especially from power analysis attacks. All those features of QCA influence the researchers to explore several QCA‐based cryptographic models of nanocommunication for secure data transmission. Here, the existing QCA‐based circuits for cryptographic architecture are explored and compared concerning their circuit complexity, device area, and operating speeds. The working principles of each of those existing architectures have been demonstrated in detail. Besides, the embedding of reversible logic in QCA cryptographic architecture is also explored. The architectures are compared in terms of the logic used in the design. Finally, the major key issues are identified and addressed in the context of cryptographic models for future secure data transmission processes.
Using cryptography correctly is crucial in the current situation to safeguard data and ensure data security during data transfer. In this digital era, messages must be appropriately encrypted and decoded to prevent data misuse and ensure its accessibility to the intended recipient. Conventional cryptography techniques mostly depend on the mathematical intricacy of the encoding functions and the shared key. One such encoding approach that we may take into consideration is the Vigenere cipher algorithm. In this study, we want to apply this strategy utilizing reversible logic with the assistance of two helpful tools, namely, IBM Quantum (IBMQ) and QCADesigner. The encoder and decoder circuits for the Vigenere cipher are therefore proposed in this work in QCADesigner by utilizing Peres and DG gates in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) that consist of a single layer with 42 cells for encryption and 47 cells for decryption. The proposed circuit outperforms the existing ones concerning area, cell count and latency. Given that the layouts’ energy consumption is assessed, it is guaranteed that the QCA nanodevice might serve as a stand-in platform for the creation of reversible circuits. The same simulation outcome was also obtained while building the identical circuits in a quantum presentation using IBMQ. The two applications are closely connected and both rely on quantum concepts. The outcomes are therefore verified for each of the two situations. The reversible Vigenere cipher technique enhances data security. Further sophisticated low-power nanoscale lossless nanocommunication architecture may be created with the help of the suggested circuits.
The overall purpose of this study is to explore the potential of quantum-based communication networks, leveraging the unique properties of quantum entanglement and superposition, to address critical applications, such as image processing, machine learning, data mining, and encryption. Additionally, this research aims to overcome the limitations of traditional binary systems in the field of computing. The basic methodology of this research involves a comprehensive investigation into the establishment of end-to-end entanglement between two quantum computers, which is fundamental for building robust quantum networks. Performance measures for quantum computers within the context of quantum networks are defined and evaluated, with a specific focus on network design, reliability, security, and trust. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) devices are introduced as a technological advancement to enhance security and trust mechanisms within quantum communication networks.
The design of arithmetic and logical unit is a crucial block schematic of quantum computing, which has gained popularity in recent years. While division is a successive subtraction, a logical multiplier employs the technique of successive addition, which are the essential blocks of the quantum computing. The key components including comparator design, adders, and subtractors are considered with the help of Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) in this work. Such essential blocks of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) are designed, implemented, and tested in the simulation using QCADesigner version 2.0.3. The results are found to be appealing with the standard truth tables of the above logical circuits. Hence, the designs could be utilized in the practical applications of Internet of Things, Block chains and Cryptographic solutions catering to the challenges of industry, healthcare and finance sectors. Addressing challenges such as a reduced number of qubits and complexity reduction could make way for more robust and practical ALU designs in QCA-based quantum systems. In the proposed novel work, the number of qubits required has been reduced to 24, offering a notable reduction compared to several recent approaches. Hence, the novelty of the work lies in the architectural-level reorganization and logic-level minimization strategy, which collectively enable a significant reduction in design complexity (up to 93%) without introducing additional fabrication or simulation overhead, optimizing clock zone assignments to enhance timing efficiency.
Abstract Most modern cryptographic mechanisms are often based on the key distribution schemes, the security of which depends on the computational complexity and the power used to break the encryption. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is gaining popularity as a panacea to the issue of secure key distribution due to its ability to show secret keys' information-theoretic protection that is already suitable for commercialization. The goal is to generate a secret key between trusted parties connected through a quantum channel and an authenticated classical channel. The technology promises unconditional secure communication based on the principles of quantum mechanics without limiting the power of an eavesdropper. The first three sections provide a contemporary review of the Quantum Key Distribution in a nutshell. The remaining part of the paper deals with the key parameters and implementations that have been developed to assess the security of the leading experimental platforms and the challenges with respect to the development of this technology such as optimally overlaying the logic gates via quantum-dot cellular automata, which also creates possible avenues for research in the cryptographic domain.
Nano industries have been successful trendsetters for the past 30 years, in escalating the speed and dropping the power necessities of nanoelectronic devices. According to Moore's law and the assessment created by the international technology roadmap for semiconductors, beyond 2020, there will be considerable restrictions in manufacturing IC's based on CMOS technologies. As a result, the next prototype to get over these effects is quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). In this chapter, an efficient quantum cellular automata (QCA) based random number generator (RNG) is proposed. QCA is an innovative technology in the nano regime which guarantees large device density, less power dissipation, and minimal size as compared to the various CMOS technologies. With the aim to maximise the randomness in the proposed nano communication, a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) keyed multiplexer with ring oscillators is developed. The developed RNG is simulated using a quantum cellular automata (QCA) simulator tool.