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Review of Scientific Instruments

High-power quantum-limited 35 MHz photodiode and classical laser noise suppression

Vincent Dumont, Jiaxing Ma, Eamon Egan, Jack C. Sankey

Published Dec 1, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

To benefit high-power interferometry and the creation of low-noise light sources, we develop a simple lead-compensated photodetector enabling quantum-limited readout from 0.3 to 10 mW and 10 kΩ gain from 85 Hz to 35 MHz, with a noise equivalent power of 9 pW/Hz. Feeding the detector output back to an intensity modulator, we suppress the classical amplitude noise of a commercial 1550 nm fiber laser to the shot noise limit over a bandwidth of 700 Hz-200 kHz, observing no degradation to its (nominally ∼100 Hz) linewidth.

DOI
10.1063/5.0170826

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To benefit high-power interferometry and the creation of low-noise light sources, we develop a simple lead-compensated photodetector enabling quantum-limited readout from 0.3 to 10 mW and 10 kΩ gain from 85 Hz to 35 MHz, with a noise equivalent power of 9 pW/Hz. Feeding the detector output back to an intensity modulator, we suppress the classical amplitude noise of a commercial 1550 nm fiber laser to the shot noise limit over a bandwidth of 700 Hz-200 kHz, observing no degradation to its (nominally ∼100 Hz) linewidth.
To benefit high-power interferometry and the creation of low-noise light sources, we develop a simple lead-compensated photodetector enabling quantum-limited readout from 0.3 mW to 10 mW and 10 kΩΩΩ transimpedance gain from 85 Hz - 35 MHz. Feeding the detector output back to an intensity modulator, we squash the classical amplitude noise of a commercial 1550 nm fiber laser to the shot noise limit over a bandwidth of 700 Hz - 200 kHz, observing no degradation to its (nominally ~100 Hz) linewidth.
A low-noise photodetector is a basic tool for the research of quantum information processing.We present a specially designed low-noise photoelectric detector with a bandwidth of 130 MHz, using a transimpedance amplification circuit.Based on the detailed calculation of the dependence on each parameter of the detector, a useful method of how to design a low-noise and broadband photodetector is provided.When the optical power is between 1.0 and 16 mW, the photodetector has a good linear response to the injected light.Its electronics noise power is below -77 dBm, which is within the whole bandwidth.When the incident light power is 2 mW, the output noise powers are 10.0, 8.0, and 6.0 dB higher than the corresponding electronics noise within the bandwidth of 1-50, 50-90, and 90-130 MHz, respectively, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.Thus, this photoelectric detector could have good application prospects in quantum communication and an optical cavity locking system.
We developed a fiber-laser-pumped Ti:sapphire laser system designed for quantum precision measurement applications. By employing a 35 W single-frequency 532 nm fiber laser as the pump source, the system delivered continuous-wave output powers of 4.12 W at 770.108 nm (D 1 line, K), 4.72 W at 780.244 nm (D 2 line, Rb), and 5.29 W at 794.982 nm (D 1 line, Rb), thereby fulfilling the requirements for optical pumping and probing of alkali atoms. To enhance frequency stability, saturated absorption spectroscopy was used to lock the laser frequency, resulting in frequency drifts below 1 MHz over two hours. Furthermore, since low-frequency intensity noise (DC-100 Hz) critically affects spin-relaxation-free quantum sensing, we carried out a theoretical analysis which identified the pump laser as the dominant noise source. By implementing feedback control to the pump source as well as an external noise suppression, both methods achieved over 30 dB of intensity noise suppression within the DC-4kHz frequency range. In addition, improved beam pointing stability further reduced noise below 3 Hz. These results collectively demonstrate the system’s strong potential for quantum sensing applications.
High-stability single-frequency fiber lasers typically exhibit relative intensity noise that is far in excess of shot noise across a broad frequency range extending from dc to many tens of megahertz. This excess noise precludes the use of these fiber lasers in a range of precision interferometry and quantum optics applications. We present experimental results using a passive, highQ, fiber ring resonator to filter out up to 26 dB of excess laser intensity noise, resulting in a stabilized laser output that reaches the shot-noise limit over most of its signal spectrum.
High levels of laser power stability are necessary for high precision metrology applications. The classical limit for the achievable power stability is determined by the shot noise of the light used to generate a power control signal. Increasing the power of the detected light reduces the relative shot noise level and allows higher stabilities. However, sufficiently high power is not always available and the detection of high laser powers is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a nonclassical way to improve the achievable power stability without increasing the detected power. By the injection of a squeezed vacuum field of light we improve the classical laser power stability beyond its shot noise limit by 9.4_{-0.6}^{+0.6} dB at Fourier frequencies between 5 and 80 kHz. For only 90.6 μA of detected photocurrent we achieve a relative laser power noise of 2.0_{-0.1}^{+0.1}×10^{-8}/sqrt[Hz]. This is the first demonstration of a squeezed light-enhanced laser power stabilization and its performance is equivalent to an almost tenfold increase of detected laser power in a classical scheme. The analysis reveals that the technique presented here has the potential to achieve stability levels of 4.2×10^{-10}/sqrt[Hz] with 58 mA photocurrent measured on a single photodetector.
We report a low-noise compensated tuned amplifier (cTAMP) architecture optimized for large-area photodiodes in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) detection. By integrating a tunable RLC feedback network with a matching compensation inductor, the design simultaneously achieves resonance enhancement and amplifier stability despite the high junction capacitance of a 10 × 10 mm 2 photodiode. As a proof of concept, a detector configured for 20 MHz center frequency and 1 MHz bandwidth exhibits an output-referred noise floor of 31 nV / Hz , enabling shot-noise-limited linear operation from 0.1 mW up to 36 mW optical power under ∼50 μs time constant in the near-IR region. This wide dynamic range and low noise performance allow faithful characterization of high-power squeezed states that saturate conventional detectors, as verified in photon-number squeezing experiments. In addition, the detector facilitates biocompatible ultrafast SRS microscopy with milliwatt-level excitation, supporting hyperspectral live cell imaging without compromising sensitivity. These results establish the cTAMP-based detector as a versatile platform for high-sensitivity quantum optics and biomedical imaging, with potential for extension to other modulation-based optical measurements.