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International Conference on Vision Towards Emerging Trends in Communication and Networking (ViTECoN)

A Novel Approach for Implementing LFSRs Using QCA Technology

C. Manikandan, C. Veda Vardhan, L. Sai Rishitha, K. Saranya, A Rajesh, Rengarajan Amirtharajan, V Thanikaiselvan, Hemalatha Mahalingam

Published May 5, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum random number generators have attracted the research community for providing secure communication. This paper presents a novel Quantum LFSR, designed using the novel construction of D-Flip-Flop (DFF) and XOR gates in QCA. The suggested Quantum LFSR comprises 216 cells with an area of 0.23μm2 and the total power dissipation is 0.31442 eV, 0.41729 eV, and 0.54389 eVat different standard tunnelling energy levels. The power parameters are analysed using QCA Pro, and the calculated outcomes show that the Quantum LFSR has low power consumption and reduced footprint compared to conventional designs.

DOI
10.1109/vitecon58111.2023.10157865

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Quantum random number generators have attracted the research community for providing secure communication. This paper presents a novel Quantum LFSR, designed using the novel construction of D-Flip-Flop (DFF) and XOR gates in QCA. The suggested Quantum LFSR comprises 216 cells with an area of 0.23μm2 and the total power dissipation is 0.31442 eV, 0.41729 eV, and 0.54389 eVat different standard tunnelling energy levels. The power parameters are analysed using QCA Pro, and the calculated outcomes show that the Quantum LFSR has low power consumption and reduced footprint compared to conventional designs.
Reversible logic gates are critical components in the field of quantum computing and low-power digital circuits, as they allow for the retrieval of input states from output states without any loss of information. This property ensures minimal energy dissipation, aligning with the principles of reversible computation. Their applications extend to quantum computing, cryptographic systems, and error detection and correction mechanisms. This paper presents a novel design for a Reversible D Flip-Flop (RDFF) and a 4-bit Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR). The Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is built utilizing four Register-Driven D Flip-Flops (RDFFs) and a feedback mechanism that incorporates a Feynman Gate. This configuration successfully showcases the capacity to generate pseudo-random sequences. The LFSR design demonstrates a 10% improvement in Total Reversible Logic Implementation Cost and 27% enhancement in quantum cost, making it a more resource-efficient option for reversible computing. This work makes a valuable contribution to the field of reversible computing by offering efficient designs for essential components.
Nano industries have been successful trendsetters for the past 30 years, in escalating the speed and dropping the power necessities of nanoelectronic devices. According to Moore's law and the assessment created by the international technology roadmap for semiconductors, beyond 2020, there will be considerable restrictions in manufacturing IC's based on CMOS technologies. As a result, the next prototype to get over these effects is quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). In this chapter, an efficient quantum cellular automata (QCA) based random number generator (RNG) is proposed. QCA is an innovative technology in the nano regime which guarantees large device density, less power dissipation, and minimal size as compared to the various CMOS technologies. With the aim to maximise the randomness in the proposed nano communication, a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) keyed multiplexer with ring oscillators is developed. The developed RNG is simulated using a quantum cellular automata (QCA) simulator tool.
QCA, which stands for Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata, is a nanotechnology model that offers an alternative solution to the widely used CMOS technology. Unlike CMOS, QCA is a semiconductor-less technology that transmits information based on the charge of electrons and the electrostatic repulsion between them. This technology provides several advantages over CMOS, including higher device density, faster switching speed, and lower power consumption. When it comes to cryptographic applications, QCA circuits can be extremely useful. Both encryption and decryption processes can be implemented using logic circuits based on QCA. The research paper describes a basic method for generating ciphertext in QCA, which is useful in secure nano communication based on QCA. The paper discusses how to achieve secure authentication in encrypted communication using QCA. To evaluate the performance and test the proposed method, the researchers used the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. This is a software tool specifically designed for designing and simulating QCA circuits. It enables researchers to model and analyze the behavior of QCA-based systems, allowing them to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of their proposed encryption technique. Overall, the research paper aims to present a secure encryption method using QCA and demonstrates its implementation and testing using the QCA Designer-2.0.3 tool. By leveraging the unique properties of QCA, such as high device density and low power consumption, the researchers aim to provide a novel approach for secure nano communication and cryptographic applications.
Quantum technology is graciously budding in nano-communication due to its properties and logical function, having the momentous prosperity of being reversible. It has gained an appeal to future-generation research owing to those sole aspects that may not be explored in the classical realm. A reliable nano-communication system utilizes varied error detection and correction techniques. Beyond low device density, authentic random number generation is a crucial issue in the cryptographic aspects of future communication architecture. To our knowledge, this is the innate study of an intriguing prospect: the design and implementation based on the lower level of power 'even/odd parity generator' using a single multi-operative reversible gate that has been achieved and functionally authenticated in the QCA nanotechnology, likewise in the IBMQ experience allied to quantum-based technologies. This breakthrough in nanotechnology and quantum-based technologies could have significant implications for blooming more efficient, secure communication systems in post-quantum cryptography.
Linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) based pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) has applications in a plethora of fields. The issue of being linear is generally circumvented by introducing non-linearities as per the required applications, with some being adhoc but fulfilling the purpose while others with a theoretical proof. The goal of this study is to develop a sufficiently ``random" resource for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) applications with a low computational cost. However, as a byproduct, we have also studied the effect of introducing minimum non-linearity with experimental verification. Starting from the numerical implementation to generate a random sequence, we have implemented a XOR of two LFSR sequences on a low-cost FPGA evaluation board with one of the direct use cases in QKD protocols. Such rigorously tested random numbers could also be used like artificial neural networks or testing of circuits for integrated chips and directly for encryption for wireless technologies.
In the current scenario, power consumption, speed, size and heat dissipation are the huge challenge in the semiconductor industries. When the size of the single computing element is reduced then the speed can be improved and also if the power dissipation is reduced then the heat dissipation will be less. The possible solution for these two problems is the Reversible Logic and Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA). The Reversible Logic is considered to be the promising technology to the future Quantum computer technologies. The Reversible Logic gates prune the power dissipation to a larger extent. In this paper Novel Reversible Gates are proposed with Reversibility and Universality. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is designed with the proposed Reversible Gates in Reversible Logic. The designed Arithmetic and Logic unit is evaluated in QCA with the required specifications. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit is designed by setting the control inputs for each unit. The parameters taken into account are Quantum Cost (QC), Garbage Outputs (GO), Constant Inputs (CI), Area, Number of Cells and Simulation Time. The proposed ALU adopting Novel gates finds utilization in low power applications. Also it can be used as the module in the Quantum computers due to its reduced Quantum Cost and Garbage outputs. The Proposed design extends its applications over Quantum Computing, Optical Computing, Nanotechnology and DNA mapping.