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Experimental quantification of the robustness of adiabatic rapid passage for quantum state inversion in semiconductor quantum dots

A. Ramachandran, J. Fraser-Leach, Sabine O’Neal, DENNIS GLENN DEPPE, Kimberley C. Hall

Published Sep 3, 2021• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) is demonstrated in a single In(Ga)As quantum dot (QD) over a wide range of laser tuning relative to the exciton transition energy to assess the level of robustness of this quantum state inversion gate for practical QD systems. Our experiments indicate a drop in exciton inversion by only 5% for a detuning of 9.3 meV, indicating accessible detunings that span the typical inhomogeneous broadening of self-assembled QD ensembles. Our findings indicate that ARP is an ideal control protocol for synchronous triggering of quantum light sources for applications in photonic quantum technology.

DOI
10.1364/oe.435109

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Applied Physics Letters•Jun 22, 2020•10 citations
Adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) is demonstrated in a single In(Ga)As quantum dot (QD) over a wide range of laser tuning relative to the exciton transition energy to assess the level of robustness of this quantum state inversion gate for practical QD systems. Our experiments indicate a drop in exciton inversion by only 5% for a detuning of 9.3 meV, indicating accessible detunings that span the typical inhomogeneous broadening of self-assembled QD ensembles. Our findings indicate that ARP is an ideal control protocol for synchronous triggering of quantum light sources for applications in photonic quantum technology.
A quantum emitter (QE) is a physical system that can be used to encode a quantum state via some internal degree of freedom (e.g. exciton, electron spin, valley) and is coupled to light via a dipolar transition that enables the conversion of that quantum state into the state of a photon and vice versa. Such QEs can be applied to sources of single and entangled photons for applications in quantum cryptography or quantum imaging and a collection of coupled QEs can be used to realize a small quantum simulator or quantum memory node in a distributed quantum network. Among solid state QE systems, semiconductor quantum dots (QD) are particularly attractive due to their high radiative quantum efficiencies, their strong optical coupling, enabling fast and arbitrary qubit rotations, and their tunable emission in the range of standard telecommunication wavelengths. Adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) is a state preparation scheme that enables the excitation and de-excitation of a QE with a high fidelity even in the presence of fluctuations in experimental parameters such as intensity and frequency of the control laser pulse. This excitation scheme may be used for quantum state initialization in quantum information platforms and for triggering quantum light sources. This thesis work concerns an exploration of the efficacy of ARP for the quantum control of excitons in semiconductor QDs. The experiments carried out in this work show that the impact of phonons may be suppressed for ARP, pointing to the possibility of high-fidelity inversion at elevated temperatures. We also investigate the dependence of the threshold for decoherence suppression on the size and shape of the QD. The experiments performed in this thesis work also quantify the detuning tolerance of ARP. ARP was also used to demonstrate parallel quantum state initialization in two different QDs with different transition energies and dipole moments.
Preparation of a specific quantum state is a required step for a variety of proposed quantum applications. We report an experimental demonstration of optical quantum state inversion in a single semiconductor quantum dot using adiabatic rapid passage. This method is insensitive to variation in the optical coupling in contrast with earlier work based on Rabi oscillations. We show that when the pulse power exceeds a threshold for inversion, the final state is independent of power. This provides a new tool for preparing quantum states in semiconductor dots and has a wide range of potential uses.
Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots are often referred to as artificial atoms. They are bright single photon sources implemented in an environment easier scalable then implementations with single atoms. These properties promote quantum dots as promising candidates for quantum information technology. A high fidelity state preparation reduces the error rate in quantum information protocols and is hence an essential requirement. \n \nIn this thesis the technique of rapid adiabatic passage is implemented with ultra-fast pulse parameters and is used to study single self-assembled quantum dots by detecting the resonance fluorescence signal following an optical excitation. Different experimental schemes provide insights into different aspects of a quantum dot and its environment. \n \nThe negative trion transition in a single quantum dot represents a good approach to creating an ideal two-level system. With this two-level system, the interaction of the electron trapped in the QD and phonons in the host material is studied with a single chirped pulse. Measuring the resonance fluorescence response of the quantum dot as a function of the pulse area for a set of chirp parameters reveals the electron-phonon interaction. Phonons in the semiconductor environment are a source of decoherence. The non-monotonic behaviour of the coupling to phonons is experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, a decoupling regime where the electron oscillation is too fast for phonons to follow is reached. A high fidelity state preparation with a vanishing coupling to phonons is demonstrated. Experimental results are affirmed with an excellent agreement with simulations. \n \nIn another scheme, a three-level system consisting of the crystal ground state of the quantum dot, the neutral exciton and the biexciton is investigated. The goal in this experiment is a coherent, resonant and high fidelity preparation of a biexciton state robust against system parameter fluctuations. A biexciton in a semiconductor quantum dot is a source of polarization-entangled photons with high potential for implementation in scalable systems. An excitation with chirped pulses applying the technique of rapid adiabatic passage is the key for the biexciton preparation scheme. In contrast to other state of the art techniques, an interaction with phonons is here intentionally minimized reducing the dephasing and maintaining at the same time a robustness with respect to pulse area and detuning. A fidelity close to one is reached over a pulse area range of more than π. Also in this case, the interpretation of the experiment is confirmed by an excellent agreement with simulations which include a microscopic coupling to phonons. \n \n \nIn a third experiment, a sequence of two chirped pulses with different point spread functions is used to overcome the diffraction limit in spectroscopy. A universal technique - optical nanoscopy via quantum control - to perform diffraction-unlimited spectroscopy on two-level systems is presented. A model for simulating the system is developed and gives a prediction for the expected spatial resolution as a function of the pulse parameters. The concept is demonstrated and the prediction is fulfilled on self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots. A resolution down to 30 nm with an excitation wavelength of 950 nm is reached.
The energy states in semiconductor quantum dots are discrete as in atoms, and quantum states can be coherently controlled with resonant laser pulses. Long coherence times allow the observation of Rabi flopping of a single dipole transition in a solid state device, for which occupancy of the upper state depends sensitively on the dipole moment and the excitation laser power. We report on the robust population inversion in a single quantum dot using an optical technique that exploits rapid adiabatic passage from the ground to an excited state through excitation with laser pulses whose frequency is swept through the resonance. This observation in photoluminescence experiments is made possible by introducing a novel optical detection scheme for the resonant electron hole pair (exciton) generation.
We demonstrate electrically controlled robust state preparation of an exciton qubit by rapid adiabatic passage with Fourier-limited laser pulses. In our approach, resonant ps laser pulses are applied to generate excitonic population in a quantum dot, whereas synchronously applied ps electric transients provide a controlled sweep of the exciton transition energy. The ps electric transients applied to the quantum dot in a diode structure result in ultrafast Stark shifts of the exciton energy on time scales below the decoherence time of the exciton. We experimentally demonstrate that the tailored electric chirp of the exciton energy leads to a controlled rapid adiabatic passage, which results in a robust state preparation of the exciton. Our experimental results are confirmed by a theoretical analysis of the chirped coherent manipulation of the exciton two level system. Our approach toward optoelectronic quantum control paves the way for broader applications that require a scalable control of functional coherent systems.