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Quantum Engineering

Detector‐device‐independent quantum secret sharing based on hyper‐encoding and single‐photon Bell‐state measurement

Yu‐Guang Yang, Xiao‐Xiao Liu, Shang Gao, Yi‐Hua Zhou, Wei‐Min Shi, Jian Li, Dan Li

Published Aug 24, 2021• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Multiparty quantum communication attracts continuous attention due to the better adaptability for the future quantum internet than point-to-point communication. Unfortunately, the imperfections of practical devices are exploited to take side-channel attacks which threatens the security of practical multiparty quantum communication. We propose a three-party detector-device-independent quantum secret sharing (DDI-QSS) protocol based on hyper-encoding and single-photon Bell-state measurement. It works in a deterministic way. The hyper-encoding circuit and single-photon Bell-state measurement device can be built with only linear optical elements, which makes the protocol more practical. Different from the measurement-device-independent setting, the DDI-QSS protocol does not require the multi-photon interference of photons from independent sources. We prove that it is secure against general entanglement-measure attacks launched by a dishonest participant.

DOI
10.1002/que2.76

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Multiparty quantum communication attracts continuous attention due to the better adaptability for the future quantum internet than point-to-point communication. Unfortunately, the imperfections of practical devices are exploited to take side-channel attacks which threatens the security of practical multiparty quantum communication. We propose a three-party detector-device-independent quantum secret sharing (DDI-QSS) protocol based on hyper-encoding and single-photon Bell-state measurement. It works in a deterministic way. The hyper-encoding circuit and single-photon Bell-state measurement device can be built with only linear optical elements, which makes the protocol more practical. Different from the measurement-device-independent setting, the DDI-QSS protocol does not require the multi-photon interference of photons from independent sources. We prove that it is secure against general entanglement-measure attacks launched by a dishonest participant.
Imperfect single-photon detectors can lead to security flaws such as key information leakage and malicious information injection. We propose a three-party detector-device-independent quantum secret sharing protocol based on the single-photon Bell-state measurement and two-photon Bell-state distribution. Two agents develop connections among three communication parties by implementing spatial encoding of photons and performing single-photon Bell-state measurements in both polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom, resulting in secret sharing among the three parties. This protocol can be implemented with linear optical elements and is simple for practical applications. Furthermore, we prove the security of the protocol and demonstrate its resistance to two common eavesdropping attacks.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) plays a pivotal role in multiparty quantum communication, ensuring the secure distribution of private information among multiple parties. However, the security of QSS schemes can be compromised by attacks exploiting imperfections in measurement devices. Here, we propose a reconfigurable approach to implement QSS based on measurement-device-independent (MDI) principles, utilizing linear two-photon Bell-state analysis. By employing single-qubit conjugate operations for encoding private classical information, our approach offers reconfigurability, allowing for the inclusion of additional parties without sacrificing efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrate the robust security of our MDI QSS scheme against intereavesdropping by dishonest participants and establish lower bounds for secure communication among three legitimate parties. This work presents a flexible configuration for implementing multiparty secure quantum communication with imperfect measurement devices and represents a significant advancement in the development of secure quantum communication technologies.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a typical multi-party quantum communication mode, in which the key sender splits a key into several parts and the participants can obtain the key by cooperation. Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) is immune to all possible attacks from measurement devices and can greatly enhance QSS’s security in practical applications. However, previous MDI-QSS’s key generation rate is relatively low. Here, we adopt the polarization-spatial-mode hyper-encoding technology in the MDI-QSS, which can increase single photon’s channel capacity. Meanwhile, we use the cross-Kerr nonlinearity to realize the complete hyper-entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state analysis. Both above factors can increase MDI-QSS’s key generation rate by about 103. The proposed hyper-encoded MDI-QSS protocol may be useful for future multiparity quantum communication applications.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cornerstone of multi-party quantum information security. However, traditional QSS protocols are vulnerable to detector side-channel attacks. Measurement-device-independent QSS (MDI-QSS) elegantly resolves this by outsourcing measurements to an untrusted third party. Building upon this, we propose a measurement-deviceindependent dynamic quantum secret sharing (MDI-DQSS) scheme based on hyperentanglement. Our protocol leverages simultaneous entanglement in both polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, which enhances the channel capacity and improves the key generation rate. The scheme is designed for practical implementation, relying on single-photon states that are feasible to prepare and manipulate. We present the complete protocol, from state preparation and distribution to cooperative decoding, and provide a comprehensive security analysis demonstrating its robustness.
Abstract Security loopholes exploiting the flaws of practical apparatus, especially non-ideal photon detectors, are pressing issues in practical quantum communication. We propose a simple quantum secure direct communication protocol based on single-photon Bell-state measurement and remove side-channel attacks on photon detectors. This quantum communication protocol in principle works in a deterministic way, and it does not require the two-photon interference of photons from independent sources. The single-photon Bell-state measurement with a unity efficiency can be constructed with only linear optics, which significantly simplifies its experimental implementation. Furthermore, we prove that our quantum secure direct communication protocol is immune to general detector-side-channel attacks.
A new multiparty measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) protocol is proposed based on entanglement swapping. All the measurement tasks are delegated to an untrusted party, eliminating all detector-side-channel loopholes. Only Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs, single photons and Bell-state measurements are required irrespective of the number of participants. Compared with existing MDI-QSS protocols, no additional unitary operations or Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-state measurements are needed. Our protocol is feasible experimentally and holds inspiring potential for the application in practical multiparty quantum communication networks.