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International Symposium on AI and Cybersecurity (ISAICS)

A Measurement-Device-Independent Dynamic Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol Based on Hyperentanglement

Yu Yang, Xiuqi Wu, B.C. Wang, Yunguang Han

Published Oct 24, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cornerstone of multi-party quantum information security. However, traditional QSS protocols are vulnerable to detector side-channel attacks. Measurement-device-independent QSS (MDI-QSS) elegantly resolves this by outsourcing measurements to an untrusted third party. Building upon this, we propose a measurement-deviceindependent dynamic quantum secret sharing (MDI-DQSS) scheme based on hyperentanglement. Our protocol leverages simultaneous entanglement in both polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, which enhances the channel capacity and improves the key generation rate. The scheme is designed for practical implementation, relying on single-photon states that are feasible to prepare and manipulate. We present the complete protocol, from state preparation and distribution to cooperative decoding, and provide a comprehensive security analysis demonstrating its robustness.

DOI
10.1109/isaics66888.2025.11350069

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Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cornerstone of multi-party quantum information security. However, traditional QSS protocols are vulnerable to detector side-channel attacks. Measurement-device-independent QSS (MDI-QSS) elegantly resolves this by outsourcing measurements to an untrusted third party. Building upon this, we propose a measurement-deviceindependent dynamic quantum secret sharing (MDI-DQSS) scheme based on hyperentanglement. Our protocol leverages simultaneous entanglement in both polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, which enhances the channel capacity and improves the key generation rate. The scheme is designed for practical implementation, relying on single-photon states that are feasible to prepare and manipulate. We present the complete protocol, from state preparation and distribution to cooperative decoding, and provide a comprehensive security analysis demonstrating its robustness.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a typical multi-party quantum communication mode, in which the key sender splits a key into several parts and the participants can obtain the key by cooperation. Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) is immune to all possible attacks from measurement devices and can greatly enhance QSS’s security in practical applications. However, previous MDI-QSS’s key generation rate is relatively low. Here, we adopt the polarization-spatial-mode hyper-encoding technology in the MDI-QSS, which can increase single photon’s channel capacity. Meanwhile, we use the cross-Kerr nonlinearity to realize the complete hyper-entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state analysis. Both above factors can increase MDI-QSS’s key generation rate by about 103. The proposed hyper-encoded MDI-QSS protocol may be useful for future multiparity quantum communication applications.
A new multiparty measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) protocol is proposed based on entanglement swapping. All the measurement tasks are delegated to an untrusted party, eliminating all detector-side-channel loopholes. Only Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs, single photons and Bell-state measurements are required irrespective of the number of participants. Compared with existing MDI-QSS protocols, no additional unitary operations or Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-state measurements are needed. Our protocol is feasible experimentally and holds inspiring potential for the application in practical multiparty quantum communication networks.
Abstract To address the dual challenges of scarce quantum resources and measurement device vulnerabilities in practical quantum dialogue (QD) protocols, this paper proposes a measurement-device-independent semi-quantum dialogue (MDI-SQD) protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. Employing a dual-degree-of-freedom encoding strategy, the protocol enables both parties to simultaneously encode secret messages and authentication information across their respective degrees of freedom, achieving identity verification and message transmission in a single round. To counter side-channel attacks, the protocol further incorporates a MDI framework, delegating critical measurement steps to untrusted third parties to effectively safeguard protocol security. Theoretical analysis demonstrates robust resistance to attacks. Performance evaluations reveal communication efficiency reaching 75%, significantly outperforming existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a typical multipartite cryptographic primitive, which is an important part of quantum communication network. Existing QSS protocols generally require basis selection and matching, which would increase the quantum resource consumption and classical communication round, and also face weak random security vulnerabilities. We propose an efficient hyperentanglement-based QSS protocol without the basis selection, in which the dealer and partners share a polarization-momentum hyperentangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and encode keys in the polarization degree of freedom (DOF). The dealer decodes the transmitted keys relying on the nonlocal hyperentanglement-assisted polarization GHZ state analysis. Our QSS protocol is unconditionally secure in theory. We develop simulation method to estimate its performance in practical environment. Compared with the QSS based on the GHZ state, our protocol has several advantages. First, it does not require basis selection and can completely distinguish eight polarization GHZ states, which can improve the utilization rate of entanglement resources to 100%\%% and increase the key generation rate by an order of magnitude. Second, it only requires one round of classical communication, and thus can reduce key generation time by 69.4%\%%. Third, it can eliminate the weak random security vulnerabilities associated with the basis selection. Finally, our protocol only uses linear optical elements, which makes it practically feasible. Our QSS protocol has potential application in future quantum communication network.
Abstract Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can directly transmit confidential messages without pre-distributing secret keys. In practical applications, non-ideal light sources naturally contain multiphoton components, which can easily lead to photon-number-splitting attacks and constitute a core problem restricting secure practical implementation. Existing measurement-device-independent (MDI) QSDC protocols are mostly based on ideal source assumptions and lack strict security authentication for practical multiphoton risks. This paper proposes an MDI-QSDC protocol based on decoy states and polarization--spatial hyperentanglement. The protocol lower-bounds the contribution of the two-single-pair sector through an active three-intensity decoy-state mechanism and imposes a conservative bound on the potential information leakage caused by multiphoton events, while using polarization--spatial hyperentangled encoding to increase the payload of each valid HBSA event and relying on the MDI architecture to remove the need to trust the measurement device. Compared with similar schemes, this protocol significantly improves the secure message capacity in practical scenarios while maintaining detector-side security.
Multiparty quantum communication attracts continuous attention due to the better adaptability for the future quantum internet than point-to-point communication. Unfortunately, the imperfections of practical devices are exploited to take side-channel attacks which threatens the security of practical multiparty quantum communication. We propose a three-party detector-device-independent quantum secret sharing (DDI-QSS) protocol based on hyper-encoding and single-photon Bell-state measurement. It works in a deterministic way. The hyper-encoding circuit and single-photon Bell-state measurement device can be built with only linear optical elements, which makes the protocol more practical. Different from the measurement-device-independent setting, the DDI-QSS protocol does not require the multi-photon interference of photons from independent sources. We prove that it is secure against general entanglement-measure attacks launched by a dishonest participant.