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Chinese Physics B

Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing with hyper-encoding

Xing-Xing Ju, Wei Zhong, Yu‐Bo Sheng, Lan Zhou

Published May 18, 2022• 48 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a typical multi-party quantum communication mode, in which the key sender splits a key into several parts and the participants can obtain the key by cooperation. Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) is immune to all possible attacks from measurement devices and can greatly enhance QSS’s security in practical applications. However, previous MDI-QSS’s key generation rate is relatively low. Here, we adopt the polarization-spatial-mode hyper-encoding technology in the MDI-QSS, which can increase single photon’s channel capacity. Meanwhile, we use the cross-Kerr nonlinearity to realize the complete hyper-entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state analysis. Both above factors can increase MDI-QSS’s key generation rate by about 103. The proposed hyper-encoded MDI-QSS protocol may be useful for future multiparity quantum communication applications.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ac70bb

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Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a typical multi-party quantum communication mode, in which the key sender splits a key into several parts and the participants can obtain the key by cooperation. Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) is immune to all possible attacks from measurement devices and can greatly enhance QSS’s security in practical applications. However, previous MDI-QSS’s key generation rate is relatively low. Here, we adopt the polarization-spatial-mode hyper-encoding technology in the MDI-QSS, which can increase single photon’s channel capacity. Meanwhile, we use the cross-Kerr nonlinearity to realize the complete hyper-entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state analysis. Both above factors can increase MDI-QSS’s key generation rate by about 103. The proposed hyper-encoded MDI-QSS protocol may be useful for future multiparity quantum communication applications.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cornerstone of multi-party quantum information security. However, traditional QSS protocols are vulnerable to detector side-channel attacks. Measurement-device-independent QSS (MDI-QSS) elegantly resolves this by outsourcing measurements to an untrusted third party. Building upon this, we propose a measurement-deviceindependent dynamic quantum secret sharing (MDI-DQSS) scheme based on hyperentanglement. Our protocol leverages simultaneous entanglement in both polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, which enhances the channel capacity and improves the key generation rate. The scheme is designed for practical implementation, relying on single-photon states that are feasible to prepare and manipulate. We present the complete protocol, from state preparation and distribution to cooperative decoding, and provide a comprehensive security analysis demonstrating its robustness.
A new multiparty measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) protocol is proposed based on entanglement swapping. All the measurement tasks are delegated to an untrusted party, eliminating all detector-side-channel loopholes. Only Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs, single photons and Bell-state measurements are required irrespective of the number of participants. Compared with existing MDI-QSS protocols, no additional unitary operations or Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-state measurements are needed. Our protocol is feasible experimentally and holds inspiring potential for the application in practical multiparty quantum communication networks.
Abstract Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a multi-party quantum communication mode, which allows the dealer to split a key into several parts and send each part of a key to a participant. The participants can obtain the key only by cooperation. Entanglement swapping is a promising method to construct the entanglement channel. In the paper, we propose a multiple-participant measurement-device-independent QSS protocol based on entanglement swapping. All the measurement tasks are handed over to an untrusted measurement party, so that our protocol can resist all possible attacks from imperfect measurement devices. Our protocol requires the linear-optical Bell state analysis, which is easy to operate. Our protocol has application potential in the future quantum communication field.
Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) can resist all attacks on imperfect measuring devices. However, limited by the exponential increase in fiber loss, MDI-QSS has a low key rate and short communication distance. In this paper, we introduce quantum memory (QM) in MDI-QSS to increase the success probability of the three-photon synchronous projection measurement and propose a memory-assisted (MA) MDI-QSS protocol. In this protocol, the heralded single-photon source and the decoy-state method are also explored. This MA-MDI-QSS protocol has three advantages. First, the QM used here is all optical, and this protocol is feasible under current experimental conditions. Second, combined with the decoy-state method, our protocol can guarantee the security of the transmitted keys under practical experimental conditions. Third, numerical simulation results show that our protocol has a higher secure key rate and longer photon transmission distance than existing MDI-QSS protocols without QM. Our protocol provides a promising way for implementing the long-distance MDI-QSS in the near future.
Multiparty quantum communication attracts continuous attention due to the better adaptability for the future quantum internet than point-to-point communication. Unfortunately, the imperfections of practical devices are exploited to take side-channel attacks which threatens the security of practical multiparty quantum communication. We propose a three-party detector-device-independent quantum secret sharing (DDI-QSS) protocol based on hyper-encoding and single-photon Bell-state measurement. It works in a deterministic way. The hyper-encoding circuit and single-photon Bell-state measurement device can be built with only linear optical elements, which makes the protocol more practical. Different from the measurement-device-independent setting, the DDI-QSS protocol does not require the multi-photon interference of photons from independent sources. We prove that it is secure against general entanglement-measure attacks launched by a dishonest participant.
Recently, Cui et al. [Sci. China Phys. 62, 110311 (2019)] proposed a measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) scheme based on high-dimensional encoding to increase the channel capacity of each individual photon. A secret key is shared among two legitimate parties via the help of a dishonest third-party (TP). They claimed that the proposed protocol can improve the drawback of the low-key generation rate that existed in the past MDI-QKD schemes. However, this study pointed out a loophole during the security check of TP. That is, the two legitimate participants merely use the corresponding qubit pairs that are both generated in the diagonal basis for the discussion, which leads to a potential attack that not only allows TP to avoid the security check but also creates partial inconsistency of key bits for both communicating sides. Fortunately, this problem can be fixed by a minor correction of the protocol.