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Acta Physica Sinica

Investigation of experimental parameters of coherent population trapping with cesium vapor cell

Zhi Liu, Diao Wen-Ting, Jieying Wang, Liang Qiang-Bing, Baodong Yang, Jun He, Tiancai Zhang, Junmin Wang

Published Jan 1, 2012• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

According to the Λ -type three-level system consisting of cesium 6S1/2 (F=3 and F=4) long-lived ground states and 6P3/2 (F'=4) excited state, we experimentally investigate and theoretically analyze the parameters of coherent population trapping (CPT) spectra in a cesium atomic vapor cell with or without neon as buffer gas. The CPT of the full width at half maximum (FWHM), the signal amplitude as a function of optical intensity of the two phased-locked laser beams with a frequency difference of 9.19263177 GHz (the hyperfine splitting in the cesium ground state 6S1/2), relative intensity ratio, beam spot size, residual magnetic field of the magnetic shielding, and the influence of with and without the cesium vapor cell containing neon as buffer gas are investigated experimentally. With the optimized parameters, we obtain the CPT signal FWHM to be as narrow as ～ 340 Hz.

DOI
10.7498/aps.61.233201

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According to the Λ -type three-level system consisting of cesium 6S1/2 (F=3 and F=4) long-lived ground states and 6P3/2 (F'=4) excited state, we experimentally investigate and theoretically analyze the parameters of coherent population trapping (CPT) spectra in a cesium atomic vapor cell with or without neon as buffer gas. The CPT of the full width at half maximum (FWHM), the signal amplitude as a function of optical intensity of the two phased-locked laser beams with a frequency difference of 9.19263177 GHz (the hyperfine splitting in the cesium ground state 6S1/2), relative intensity ratio, beam spot size, residual magnetic field of the magnetic shielding, and the influence of with and without the cesium vapor cell containing neon as buffer gas are investigated experimentally. With the optimized parameters, we obtain the CPT signal FWHM to be as narrow as ～ 340 Hz.
Based on a Λ-type three-level system consists of cesium (Cs) 6S1/2 (Fg = 3) and 6S1/2 (Fg = 4) long-lived ground states and 6P3/2 (Fe = 4) excited state, we have experimentally measured and theoretically analyzed the characters of coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in Cs vapor cells with different partial pressure of neon (Ne) as buffer gas around room temperature. The impact of some experimental parameters, such as the relative intensity ratio between two phase-locked laser beams, the laser intensity, with or without buffer gas and the partial pressure of Ne, the temperature and the longitudinal magnetic field, on the CPT resonance was studied in details. With the optimized parameters, we got typical CPT signal with the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth as narrow as ~ 181 Hz in a Cs vapor cell filled with 30 Torr of Ne as buffer gas.
We present a pair of phase-locked lasers with a 9.2-GHz frequency difference through the injection locking of a master laser to the RF-modulation sideband of a slave diode laser. Using this laser system, a coherent population trapping (CPT) signal with a typical linewidth of ∼ 182 Hz is obtained in a cesium vapor cell filled with 30 Torr (4 kPa) of neon as the buffer gas. We investigate the influence of the partial pressure of the neon buffer gas on the CPT linewidth, amplitude, and frequency shift. The results may offer some references for CPT atomic clocks and CPT atomic magnetometers.
Microwave emission has been observed at the ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of a cesium atomic vapor driven into a nonabsorbing state by means of coherent population trapping. The coherent emission observed is due to the oscillating magnetization generated by the coherence, which is induced between the ground-state hyperfine levels when they are coupled to an excited state by means of two laser radiations via a \ensuremath{\Lambda} scheme. The experiments described were done in a quartz cell containing buffer gases such as neon and nitrogen, reducing the linewidth through the Dicke effect. The cell was placed inside a microwave cavity tuned at 9.2 GHz, the ground-state hyperfine frequency of cesium, and a power output of the order of 100 fW was measured in the case where nitrogen was used as the buffer gas.
The characteristics of coherent population trapping (CPT) signal were investigated in small-size glass vapor cells containing [Formula: see text]Rb and Ne buffer gas with narrow line-width laser pumping on D2 line. The parameters of CPT signals were measured using small-size vapor cells with Ne buffer gas pressure in the range of 200–400 Torr, cell temperature in the range of 65–120 [Formula: see text]C and the values of laser pumping power of 30–400 [Formula: see text]W/cm2. Optimal conditions, under which the minimal value of short-term instability of resonance line is achieved, were obtained in experiments. Orientation frequency shifts of CPT resonance using glass [Formula: see text]Rb vapor cells containing buffer gas and anti-relaxation coating were compared. CPT signals using vapor cells based on integrated technologies containing [Formula: see text]Rb in atmosphere of Ne were also investigated. The CPT signals with typical line widths of 2–3 kHz and signal-to-noise ratio of 1500 in 1 Hz bandwidth are observed, which allows one to provide relative frequency instability of 10[Formula: see text] at 100 s.
Vapor cell atomic clocks exhibit reduced frequency stability for averaging time between about one hundred and a few thousand seconds. Here we report a study on the impact of the main parameters on the mid-to-long term instability of a buffer-gas vapor cell Cs clock, based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The CPT signal is observed on the Cs D1 line transmission, using a double Λ scheme and a Ramsey interrogation technique. The effects on the clock frequency of the magnetic field, the cell temperature, and the laser intensities are reported. We show in particular that the laser intensity shift is temperature dependent. Along with the laser intensity ratio and laser polarization properties, this is one of the most important parameters.
Characteristics of CPT (coherent population trapping) signal are investigated in small-size glass vapor cells containing 87 Rb and Ne buffer gas with narrow linewidth laser pumping on D 2 line. Parameters of CPT absorption signals are measured using small-size vapor cells with Ne buffer gas pressure in range of 200-400 Torr, cell temperature in range of 65-120 °C and values of laser pumping power of 30-400 μW/cm 2 . Optimum conditions, under which the minimal value of short-term instability of resonance line is achieved, are obtained in experiments. CPT signals using vapor cells based on integrated technologies containing 87 Rb in atmosphere of Ne are also investigated. The CPT signals with typical linewidths of 2-3 kHz and signal-to-noise ratio of 1500 in 1 Hz bandwidth are observed, which allows one to provide relative frequency instability of 10 -11 at 100 s.