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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Optimization of the experimental parameters of cesium CPT system

Zhi Liu, Jieying Wang, Wen-Ting Diao, Jun He, Junmin Wang

Published Nov 29, 2012• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Based on a Λ-type three-level system consists of cesium (Cs) 6S1/2 (Fg = 3) and 6S1/2 (Fg = 4) long-lived ground states and 6P3/2 (Fe = 4) excited state, we have experimentally measured and theoretically analyzed the characters of coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in Cs vapor cells with different partial pressure of neon (Ne) as buffer gas around room temperature. The impact of some experimental parameters, such as the relative intensity ratio between two phase-locked laser beams, the laser intensity, with or without buffer gas and the partial pressure of Ne, the temperature and the longitudinal magnetic field, on the CPT resonance was studied in details. With the optimized parameters, we got typical CPT signal with the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth as narrow as ~ 181 Hz in a Cs vapor cell filled with 30 Torr of Ne as buffer gas.

DOI
10.1117/12.999897

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Based on a Λ-type three-level system consists of cesium (Cs) 6S1/2 (Fg = 3) and 6S1/2 (Fg = 4) long-lived ground states and 6P3/2 (Fe = 4) excited state, we have experimentally measured and theoretically analyzed the characters of coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in Cs vapor cells with different partial pressure of neon (Ne) as buffer gas around room temperature. The impact of some experimental parameters, such as the relative intensity ratio between two phase-locked laser beams, the laser intensity, with or without buffer gas and the partial pressure of Ne, the temperature and the longitudinal magnetic field, on the CPT resonance was studied in details. With the optimized parameters, we got typical CPT signal with the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth as narrow as ~ 181 Hz in a Cs vapor cell filled with 30 Torr of Ne as buffer gas.
According to the Λ -type three-level system consisting of cesium 6S1/2 (F=3 and F=4) long-lived ground states and 6P3/2 (F'=4) excited state, we experimentally investigate and theoretically analyze the parameters of coherent population trapping (CPT) spectra in a cesium atomic vapor cell with or without neon as buffer gas. The CPT of the full width at half maximum (FWHM), the signal amplitude as a function of optical intensity of the two phased-locked laser beams with a frequency difference of 9.19263177 GHz (the hyperfine splitting in the cesium ground state 6S1/2), relative intensity ratio, beam spot size, residual magnetic field of the magnetic shielding, and the influence of with and without the cesium vapor cell containing neon as buffer gas are investigated experimentally. With the optimized parameters, we obtain the CPT signal FWHM to be as narrow as ～ 340 Hz.
We present a pair of phase-locked lasers with a 9.2-GHz frequency difference through the injection locking of a master laser to the RF-modulation sideband of a slave diode laser. Using this laser system, a coherent population trapping (CPT) signal with a typical linewidth of ∼ 182 Hz is obtained in a cesium vapor cell filled with 30 Torr (4 kPa) of neon as the buffer gas. We investigate the influence of the partial pressure of the neon buffer gas on the CPT linewidth, amplitude, and frequency shift. The results may offer some references for CPT atomic clocks and CPT atomic magnetometers.
Characteristics of CPT (coherent population trapping) signal are investigated in small-size glass vapor cells containing 87 Rb and Ne buffer gas with narrow linewidth laser pumping on D 2 line. Parameters of CPT absorption signals are measured using small-size vapor cells with Ne buffer gas pressure in range of 200-400 Torr, cell temperature in range of 65-120 °C and values of laser pumping power of 30-400 μW/cm 2 . Optimum conditions, under which the minimal value of short-term instability of resonance line is achieved, are obtained in experiments. CPT signals using vapor cells based on integrated technologies containing 87 Rb in atmosphere of Ne are also investigated. The CPT signals with typical linewidths of 2-3 kHz and signal-to-noise ratio of 1500 in 1 Hz bandwidth are observed, which allows one to provide relative frequency instability of 10 -11 at 100 s.
Pulsed coherent population trapping (CPT) spectroscopy is applied in buffer-gas filled Cs–Ne vapor microfabricated cells. The properties of the Ramsey-CPT clock transition central fringe (linewidth, signal amplitude, and contrast) are studied versus several experimental parameters, including the Ramsey sequence and the input laser intensity, and are compared to those obtained in the conventional continuous (CW) interrogation mode. In the pulsed case and for short Ramsey-free evolution times TR, the central fringe linewidth is found to exhibit a small but visible power broadening and is measured to be narrower than the value of 1/(2TR) that is reached for long TR. The microwave hyperfine coherence lifetime T2 in the Cs–Ne microcells is measured to be in the 50–500 μs range. Its dependence to the buffer gas pressure or cell temperature is briefly studied.
The characteristics of coherent population trapping (CPT) signal were investigated in small-size glass vapor cells containing [Formula: see text]Rb and Ne buffer gas with narrow line-width laser pumping on D2 line. The parameters of CPT signals were measured using small-size vapor cells with Ne buffer gas pressure in the range of 200–400 Torr, cell temperature in the range of 65–120 [Formula: see text]C and the values of laser pumping power of 30–400 [Formula: see text]W/cm2. Optimal conditions, under which the minimal value of short-term instability of resonance line is achieved, were obtained in experiments. Orientation frequency shifts of CPT resonance using glass [Formula: see text]Rb vapor cells containing buffer gas and anti-relaxation coating were compared. CPT signals using vapor cells based on integrated technologies containing [Formula: see text]Rb in atmosphere of Ne were also investigated. The CPT signals with typical line widths of 2–3 kHz and signal-to-noise ratio of 1500 in 1 Hz bandwidth are observed, which allows one to provide relative frequency instability of 10[Formula: see text] at 100 s.
Vapor cell atomic clocks exhibit reduced frequency stability for averaging time between about one hundred and a few thousand seconds. Here we report a study on the impact of the main parameters on the mid-to-long term instability of a buffer-gas vapor cell Cs clock, based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The CPT signal is observed on the Cs D1 line transmission, using a double Λ scheme and a Ramsey interrogation technique. The effects on the clock frequency of the magnetic field, the cell temperature, and the laser intensities are reported. We show in particular that the laser intensity shift is temperature dependent. Along with the laser intensity ratio and laser polarization properties, this is one of the most important parameters.