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Applied Physics Express

Magnetic shield integration for a chip-scale atomic clock

Hyun-Gue Hong, Jongcheol Park, Tae Hyun Kim, Hee Yeoun Kim, Sang Eon Park, Sang-Bum Lee, Myoung-Sun Heo, Taeg Yong Kwon

Published Sep 8, 2020• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We introduce a miniaturized magnetic shield integrated into the physics package of a chip-scale atomic clock. The primary shield, which is formed by a stack of precision-machined high-permeability plates, compactly sits inside the package as it is designed to be the internal supporting frame. Further improved by a Kovar lid, the best frequency sensitivity to a longitudinal external field is 1.1(3) × 10 −11 / μ T, which is consistent with the measured shielding factor, while the transverse sensitivity is well below 10 −12 / μ T. The sealed unit on a chip carrier alone allows stable clock operation with a frequency instability of 4.8(2) × 10 −12 at 1000 s.

DOI
10.35848/1882-0786/abb642

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We introduce a miniaturized magnetic shield integrated into the physics package of a chip-scale atomic clock. The primary shield, which is formed by a stack of precision-machined high-permeability plates, compactly sits inside the package as it is designed to be the internal supporting frame. Further improved by a Kovar lid, the best frequency sensitivity to a longitudinal external field is 1.1(3) × 10 −11 / μ T, which is consistent with the measured shielding factor, while the transverse sensitivity is well below 10 −12 / μ T. The sealed unit on a chip carrier alone allows stable clock operation with a frequency instability of 4.8(2) × 10 −12 at 1000 s.
The physics package of a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) has been successfully realized by integrating vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), neutral density (ND) filter, λ/4 wave plate, 87 Rb vapor cell, photodiode (PD), and magnetic coil into a cuboid metal package with a volume of about 2.8 cm 3 . In this physics package, the critical component, 87 Rb vapor cell, is batch-fabricated based on MEMS technology and in-situ chemical reaction method. Pt heater and thermistors are integrated in the physics package. A PTFE pillar is used to support the optical elements in the physics package, in order to reduce the power dissipation. The optical absorption spectrum of 87 Rb D1 line and the microwave frequency correction signal are successfully observed while connecting the package with the servo circuit system. Using the above mentioned packaging solution, a CSAC with short-term frequency stability of about 7 × 10 −10 τ −1/2 has been successfully achieved, which demonstrates that this physics package would become one promising solution for the CSAC.
We discuss the long-term stability of the NIST chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) physics packages. We identify the major factors that currently limit the frequency stability of our CSAC packages after 100 s. The requirements for the stability of the vapor cell and laser temperature, local magnetic field, and local oscillator output power are evaluated. Due to the small size of CSAC physics package assemblies, advances MEMS packaging techniques for vacuum sealing and thermal isolation can be used to achieve the temperature stability goals. We discuss various ideas on how to aid temperature control solutions over wide variations in ambient temperature by implementing atom-based stabilization schemes. Control of environment-related frequency instabilities will be critical for successful insertion of CSACs into portable instruments in the areas of navigation and communication.
A chip-scale atomic clock implemented with end-state physics has been fabricated and characterized. Batch-fabricated components were specifically designed and developed to enable integration within a small form-factor package. The full physics package, implemented with CW VCSEL optical pump, direct end-state hyperfine RF and Zeeman interrogation for magnetic field stabilization, was demonstrated within a 4 cm3 volume, consuming 25 mW of power, and exhibiting an Allan deviation stability. In addition, end-state signal contrast exceeded 40% from millimeter-scale vapor cells with buffer-gas pressures exceeding 2.5 atmospheres, demonstrating the route to submillimeter vapor-cells within high-performance CSACs for high shock/vibration environments.
Mercury trapped ion clocks have demonstrated great long-term frequency stability and robustness. In this paper, we report a demonstration of an integrated 100-cc physics package in an effort to develop a micromercury trapped ion clock with high frequency stability. The physics package consists of a sealed 30-cc vacuum tube with one layer of magnetic shielding, light source, and detector assembly. A field emitter array and a 194-nm microplasma lamp were employed together with a microtrap tube to reduce the size and power consumption for a mercury trapped ion clock. We show that the 100-cc physics package is capable of providing a fractional frequency stability of 1×10−11τ−1/2 down to 5×10−14 after a few hours of integration. We also show a set of environmental sensitivity evaluations as well as the clock frequency retrace.