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Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering

Effects of quantum noises on χ state-based quantum steganography protocol

Zhiguo Qu, Shengyao Wu, Le Sun, Mingming Wang, Xiao-Jun Wang

Published Jan 1, 2019• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Since the good application of quantum mechanism in the field of communication, quantum secure communication has become a research hotspot. The existing quantum secure communication protocols usually assume that the quantum channel is noise-free. But the inevitable quantum noise in quantum channel will greatly interferes the transmission of quantum bits or quantum states, seriously damaging the security and reliability of the quantum system. This paper analyzes and discusses the performance of a χ state based steganography protocol under four main quantum noises, i.e., Amplitude Damping (AD), Phase damping (Phs), Bit Flip (BF) and Depolarizing (D). The results show that the protocol is least affected by amplitude damping noise when only the sender's first transmission in quantum channel is affected by quantum noise. Then, we analyze the performance of the protocol when both the sender's two transmissions are affected by quantum noise, and find that the specific combination of different noises will increase the performance of the protocol in quantum noisy channel. This means that an extra quantum noise can be intentionally added to quantum channel according to the noise intensity, so that the protocol can improve performance under the influence of quantum noises. Finally, the detailed mathematical analysis proves the conclusions.

DOI
10.3934/mbe.2019252

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Since the good application of quantum mechanism in the field of communication, quantum secure communication has become a research hotspot. The existing quantum secure communication protocols usually assume that the quantum channel is noise-free. But the inevitable quantum noise in quantum channel will greatly interferes the transmission of quantum bits or quantum states, seriously damaging the security and reliability of the quantum system. This paper analyzes and discusses the performance of a χ state based steganography protocol under four main quantum noises, i.e., Amplitude Damping (AD), Phase damping (Phs), Bit Flip (BF) and Depolarizing (D). The results show that the protocol is least affected by amplitude damping noise when only the sender's first transmission in quantum channel is affected by quantum noise. Then, we analyze the performance of the protocol when both the sender's two transmissions are affected by quantum noise, and find that the specific combination of different noises will increase the performance of the protocol in quantum noisy channel. This means that an extra quantum noise can be intentionally added to quantum channel according to the noise intensity, so that the protocol can improve performance under the influence of quantum noises. Finally, the detailed mathematical analysis proves the conclusions.
In this paper, a quantum steganography protocol based on Brown entangled states is proposed. The new protocol adopts the CNOT operation to achieve the transmission of secret information by the best use of the characteristics of entangled states. Comparing with the previous quantum steganography algorithms, the new protocol focuses on its anti-noise capability for phase-flip noises, which proved its good security resisting on quantum noise. Furthermore, the covert communication of secret information in the quantum secure direct communication channel would not affect the normal information transmission process due to the new protocol's good imperceptibility. If the number of Brown states transmitted in cover protocol is many enough, the imperceptibility of the secret channel can be further enhanced. In aspect of capacity, the new protocol can further expand its capacity by combining with other quantum steganography protocols. Because the proposed protocol does not require the participation of the classic channel when it implements the transmission of secret information, it does not cause any additional information leakage and has good security. The detailed theoretical analysis shows the conclusions that the new protocol has good performance on imperceptibility, capacity and security.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cryptography technique relying on the transmission and manipulation of quantum states to distribute secret information across multiple participants securely. However, quantum systems are susceptible to various types of noise that can compromise their security and reliability. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the influence of noise on QSS to ensure their effectiveness and practicality in real-world quantum communication. This paper studies the impact of various noisy environments on multi-dimensional QSS. Using quantum fidelity, we examine the influence of four noise models: d-phase-flip(dpf), dit-flip(df), amplitude damping(ad), and depolarizing(d). It has been discovered that the fidelity declines with an increase in the noise parameter. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the efficiency of the QSS protocol differs significantly across distinct noise models.
Quantum secure communication provides a new way for protecting the security of information. As an important component of quantum secure communication, remote state preparation (RSP) can securely transmit a quantum state from a sender to a remote receiver. The existence of quantum noise severely affects the security and reliability of quantum communication system. In this paper, we study the method for improving the efficiency of joint RSP (JRSP) subjected to noise with the help of weak measurement and its reversal measurement. Taking a GHZ based deterministic JRSP as an example, we utilize the technique of weak measurement and its reversal to suppress the effect of the amplitude-damping noise firstly. Our study shows that the fidelity of the output state can be improved in the amplitude-damping noise. We also study the effect of weak measurement and its reversal in other three types of noise usually encountered in real-world, namely, the bit-flip, phase-flip (phase-damping) and depolarizing noise. Our results show that the weak measurement has no effect for suppressing the bit-flip and phase-flip (phase-damping) noise, while has slight effect for suppressing the depolarizing noise. Our study is suitable for JRSP and RSP, and will be helpful for improving the efficiency of multiparticle entanglement based quantum secure communication in real implementation.
Entanglement is an important resource for various applications of quantum computation. Another important endeavor is to establish the role of entanglement in practical implementation where system of interest is affected by various kinds of noisy channels. Here, a single classical bit is used to send information under the influence of a noisy quantum channel. The entanglement content of quantum states is computed under noisy channels such as amplitude damping, phase damping, squeesed generalised amplitude damping, Pauli channels and various collective noise models on the protocols of quantum key distribution.
We investigate how the efficiency of the quantum teleportation protocol is affected when the qubits involved in the protocol are subjected to noise or decoherence. We study all types of noise usually encountered in real-world implementations of quantum communication protocols, namely, the bit-flip, phase-flip (phase damping), depolarizing, and amplitude-damping noise. Several realistic scenarios are studied in which a part or all of the qubits employed in the execution of the quantum teleportation protocol are subjected to the same or different types of noise. We find noise scenarios not yet known in which more noise or less entanglement lead to more efficiency. Furthermore, we show that if noise is unavoidable it is better to subject the qubits to different noise channels in order to obtain an increase in the efficiency of the protocol.
In order to improve the anti-noise performance of quantum teleportation, this paper proposes a novel dynamic quantum anti-noise scheme based on the quantum teleportation which transmits single qubit state using Bell state. Considering that quantum noise only acts on the transmitted qubit, i.e., the entangled state that Alice and Bob share in advance is affected by the noise, thus affecting the final transmission result. In this paper, a method for dynamically adjusting the shared entangled state according to the noise environment is proposed. By calculating the maximum fidelity of the output state to determine the shared entangled state, which makes the quantum teleportation be affected by the noise as little as possible. This paper calculates the fidelity of teleportation under four kinds of channel noise (amplitude damping, phase damping, bit flip and depolarizing noise). The results show that the scheme has a suppression effect on phase damping, bit flip and depolarizing noise under certain conditions. When the noise intensity is larger, the optimized efficiency is better.