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Acta Sinica Quantum Optica

Low-noise,Broadband Photo-detector Designs in Quantum Optics

Kuanshou Zhang

Published Jan 1, 2010• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We report a kind of low-noise,broadband photo-detector that can be applied in the quantum optics experiments.Based on the proper photo-diode,sampling resistor,feedback resistor and capacity were selected,a low-noise,broadband photo-detector was designed and fabricated.The photo-detector can be used to detect the quantum noise with the band-width of 2-50 MHz and the incident power of up to 15 mW.It can also be applied in the quantum optics experiments such as balance detectors,homodyne detectors and so on.A pair of identical photo-detectors with the band-width of 2-31 MHz and Common Mode Rejection Ratio of 30 dB was used as balance detectors to measure the intensity noise of white light,cw single frequency 1064 nm laser and 1550 nm laser.

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Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2016•8 citations
We report a kind of low-noise,broadband photo-detector that can be applied in the quantum optics experiments.Based on the proper photo-diode,sampling resistor,feedback resistor and capacity were selected,a low-noise,broadband photo-detector was designed and fabricated.The photo-detector can be used to detect the quantum noise with the band-width of 2-50 MHz and the incident power of up to 15 mW.It can also be applied in the quantum optics experiments such as balance detectors,homodyne detectors and so on.A pair of identical photo-detectors with the band-width of 2-31 MHz and Common Mode Rejection Ratio of 30 dB was used as balance detectors to measure the intensity noise of white light,cw single frequency 1064 nm laser and 1550 nm laser.
The research of quantum noise in the interaction of laser and atoms plays a critical role in quantum optical experiments. The measurement of quantum noise is mainly based on the balanced homodyne detection method. Here, we reported a balanced homodyne detector with low noise, high gain, and high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) at the wavelength of 795 nm. By optimizing the selection of components and printed circuit board (PCB) layout, a minimum electronic noise of −96.7 dBm is obtained. Over the range of 1 MHz to 5 MHz, we get a flat CMRR above 59 dB and a linear gain regime, which can enable a shot noise measurement with the laser power of100 μw100~\mu \text{w}100 μw. The developed detector can be used in quantum coherent experiments with a weak probe laser of power down to tens of microwatts.
Squeezing-based quantum metrology has been extensively applied in the field of precision measurement. Performance characteristics of squeezed light are obtained by a balanced homodyne detector. Here, we report a large dynamic range balanced homodyne detector with low-noise and high-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for broadband squeezed light measurement. We perform a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the SNR in a wide bandwidth and experimentally analyze the important printed circuit board (PCB) layout and electronic components. Consequently, in the 100 MHz frequency band, the SNR and common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) rise over 12.6 dB and 55 dB, respectively, and the electronic noise is suppressed below -90 dB. The directly observed squeezing level at 1550 nm with the specified detector is 11.8 dB at 2 MHz and 3.1 dB at 100 MHz.
Characterising quantum states of light in the 2 µm band requires high-performance shot-noise limited detectors. Here, we present the characterisation of a homodyne detector that we use to observe vacuum shot-noise via homodyne measurement with a 2.07 µm pulsed mode-locked laser. The device is designed primarily for pulsed illumination. It has a 3-dB bandwidth of 13.2 MHz, total conversion efficiency of 57% at 2.07 µm, and a common-mode rejection ratio of 48 dB at 39.5 MHz. The detector begins to saturate at 1.8 mW with 9 dB of shot-noise clearance at 5 MHz. This demonstration enables the characterisation of megahertz-quantum optical behaviour in the 2 µm band and provides a guide of how to design a 2 µm homodyne detector for quantum applications.
according to the special requirements of quantum optics experiments, through the optimum design of broadband low noise amplifier circuit, this paper developed a broadband low noise photoelectric detector. We focus on the analysis of the factors affecting the photoelectric detector gain, bandwidth and noise, by a suitable choice of the photodiode, a sampling resistor, feedback resistor and capacitor, the broadband low noise photoelectric detector. Experiments show that, this circuit can be used for broadband low noise quantum communication circuit.
A low-noise photodetector is a basic tool for the research of quantum information processing.We present a specially designed low-noise photoelectric detector with a bandwidth of 130 MHz, using a transimpedance amplification circuit.Based on the detailed calculation of the dependence on each parameter of the detector, a useful method of how to design a low-noise and broadband photodetector is provided.When the optical power is between 1.0 and 16 mW, the photodetector has a good linear response to the injected light.Its electronics noise power is below -77 dBm, which is within the whole bandwidth.When the incident light power is 2 mW, the output noise powers are 10.0, 8.0, and 6.0 dB higher than the corresponding electronics noise within the bandwidth of 1-50, 50-90, and 90-130 MHz, respectively, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.Thus, this photoelectric detector could have good application prospects in quantum communication and an optical cavity locking system.
Vacuum fluctuation at audio frequencies is very important and interesting in many research fields, such as the gravitational wave detection, ultra-weak magnetic field measurement, and the research of quantum metrology, etc. Since the generation of squeezed light in 1985, most of the squeezed light have been generated and measured at radio frequencies (～MHz) as there has not been much technical noise at higher frequencies. In the Michelson-interferometer-based gravitational wave detection, the detection band has frequencies from a few to tens of thousands Hz. Measuring vacuum noise at such low frequencies is a challenge since we have to stabilize and control all the audio noises and the interferences from a variety of mechanical and electronic noises, therefore a very high classical noise suppression is needed when the measurement time increases. In order to measure the squeezed light of low frequencies, the standard vacuum noise at audio frequencies must be measured. In this paper, a balanced homodyne detection system for measuring the low-frequency quantum vacuum noises is reported. It is not trivial to extend the detected frequency to very low analysis frequencies. Through a self-made self-subtraction balanced homodyne configuration, which can eliminate the DC component of each photocurrent from the photodiode and the classical common-mode technical noise, the standard vacuum noise has been detected. The linearity of the vacuum noise power has been validated by varying the local oscillator power, showing that the saturation power of light incidence is about 3.2 mW. When the incident-light power is 400 W, the standard vacuum noise is 11 dB higher than the electronic noise at 80 Hz. In the regime of about 80 Hz to 400 kHz, the linearity of the standard noise power as a function of incident laser power is verified. However, when the measurement is carried out at even lower frequencies, for example, 50 Hz, we may encounter some excess and non-stationary noises and find that the measured noise power is not proportional to the incident light power any more. These non-stationary noises are the main technical obstacle at low frequencies. The average common mode rejection ratio in the test frequency range from 10 Hz to 400 kHz is 55 dB and its maximum 63 dB at 100 Hz is obtained, implying a high suppression of the technical noise. This self-made homodyne vacuum noise detector can be widely used for precision measurement in quantum metrology and quantum optics.