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IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

Quantum communication for wireless wide-area networks

Sheng-Tzong Cheng, Chun-Yen Wang, Ming-Hon Tao

Published Jul 1, 2005• 109 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, a quantum routing mechanism is proposed to teleport a quantum state from one quantum device to another wirelessly even though these two devices do not share EPR pairs mutually. This results in the proposed quantum routing mechanism that can be used to construct the quantum wireless networks. In terms of time complexity, the proposed mechanism transports a quantum bit in time almost the same as the quantum teleportation does regardless of the number of hops between the source and destination. From this point of view, the quantum routing mechanism is close to optimal in data transmission time. In addition, in order to realize the wireless communication in the quantum domain, a hierarchical network architecture and its corresponding communication protocol are developed. Based on these network components, a scalable quantum wireless communication can be achieved.

DOI
10.1109/jsac.2005.851157

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In this paper, a quantum routing mechanism is proposed to teleport a quantum state from one quantum device to another wirelessly even though these two devices do not share EPR pairs mutually. This results in the proposed quantum routing mechanism that can be used to construct the quantum wireless networks. In terms of time complexity, the proposed mechanism transports a quantum bit in time almost the same as the quantum teleportation does regardless of the number of hops between the source and destination. From this point of view, the quantum routing mechanism is close to optimal in data transmission time. In addition, in order to realize the wireless communication in the quantum domain, a hierarchical network architecture and its corresponding communication protocol are developed. Based on these network components, a scalable quantum wireless communication can be achieved.
A quantum routing scheme is proposed to teleport a quantum state from one quantum device to another wirelessly,even though the two devices do not share EPR pairs mutually.The scheme is based on entanglement swapping and quantum teleportation.The model of quantum wireless communication network and correlative communication protocol is presented.In order to be compatible with the conventional wireless communication network,the network architecture of a twotier database structure is proposed.In terms of qubit transmission time and security,performance analysis results show that the proposed scheme is superior to quantum relay routing scheme.The proposed scheme has high scalability and practicability.
摘要 提出了一种基于多阶量子隐形传态的量子路由方案, 在量子移动终端之间没有共享纠缠对的情况下, 仍然可以完成量子态的无线传输. 该量子路由方案可以用来构建量子无线广域网, 其传输时延与所经过的链路距离和基站数目无关, 传输一个量子态所需的时间与采用量子隐形传态所需的时间相同. 因此, 从数据传输速率的观点来看, 该方案优于基于纠缠交换的量子路由方案. 关键词: 量子通信 / 多阶量子隐形传态 / 量子路由 / 量子无线广域网 Abstract According to multistage quantum teleportation, we here propose a quantum routing scheme which teleports a quantum state from one quantum device to another wirelessly even though the two devices which do not share entangled photon pairs mutually. By the quantum routing scheme, the model of quantum wireless wide-area networks is presented. In terms of time complexity, the proposed scheme transports a quantum bit in the time almost the same as the quantum teleportation regardless of the number of hops between the source and destination node. From this point of view, the quantum routing scheme is close to optimal scheme in data transmission time. The correlative routing process is proposed under different conditions. The quantum state is transferred by multistage quantum teleportation, therefore, the information transfer between any two nodes in quantum wireless wide-area networks is realized. Keywords: quantum communication / multistage quantum teleportation / quantum routing / quantum wireless wide-area networks 作者及机构信息 刘晓慧1 2, 聂敏1, 裴昌幸2 1. 西安邮电大学通信与信息工程学院, 西安 710061; 2. 西安电子科技大学, 综合业务网理论及关键技术国家重点实验室, 西安 710071 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61072067, 61172071)、国家重点实验室专项基金(批准号: ISN1001004) 和陕西省教育厅专项科研计划(批准号: 2011JK1017)资助的课题. Authors and contacts Liu Xiao-Hui1 2, Nie Min1, Pei Chang-Xing2 1. School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Post and Telecommunication, Xi’an 710061, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61072067, 61172071), the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, China (Grant No. ISN1001004), and the Scientific Research Project of the Education Department of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2011JK1017). 参考文献 [1] Li S, Ma H Q, Wu L A, Zhai G J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 084214 (in Chinese) [李申, 马海强, 吴令安, 翟光杰 2013 物理学报 62 084214] [2] Guo B H, Yang L, Xiang C, Guan C, Wu L A, Liu S H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 130303 (in Chinese) [郭邦红, 杨理, 向憧, 关翀, 吴令安, 刘颂豪 2013 物理学报 62 130303] [3] Bouwmeester D, Pan J W, Mattle K, Manfred E, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A 1997 Nature 390 575 [4] Chen P, Deng F G, Long G L 2006 Chin. Phys. 15 2228 [5] Pan J W, Simon C, Brukner C, Zellinger A 2001 Nature 410 1067 [6] Jin X M, Ren J G, Yang B, Yi Z H, Zhou F, Xu X F, Wang S K, Yang D, Hu Y F, Jiang S, Yang T, Yin H, Chen K, Peng C Z, Pan J W 2010 Nature Photon. 4 376 [7] Yin J, Ren J G, Lu H, Cao Y, Yong H L, Wu Y P, Liu C, Liao S K, Zhou F, Jiang Y, Cai X D, Xu P, Pan G S, Jia J J, Huang Y M, Yin H, Wang J Y, Chen Y A, Peng C Z, Pan J W 2012 Nature 488 185 [8] Kwait P G, Waks E, White A G, Appelbaum I, Eberhard P H 1999 Phys. Rev. A 60 R773 [9] Raimond J M, Brune M, Haroche S 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 565 [10] Sun B, Chapman M S, You L 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 042316 [11] Artur S, Regina B H, Barry C S, Wolfgang T 2009 Phys. Rev. A 80 062310 [12] Dousse A, Suffczyński J, Beveratos A, Krebs O, Lemaître A, Sagnes I, Bloch J, Voisin P, Senellart P 2010 Nature 466 217 [13] Guo Z, Yan L S, Pan W, Luo B, Xu M F 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 060301 (in Chinese) [郭振, 闫连山, 潘炜, 罗斌, 徐明峰 2011 物理学报 60 060301] [14] Song K H, Zhang W J, Guo G C 2002 Chin. Phys. 11 218 [15] Peng C Z, Yang T, Bao X H, Zhang J, Jin X M, Feng F Y, Yang B, Yang J, Yin J, Zhang Q, Li N, Tian B L, Pan J W 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 150501 [16] Bourgoin J P, Meyer-Scott E, Higgins B L, Helou B, Erven C, Hbel H, Kumar B, Hudson D, D’Souza I, Girard R, Laflamme R, Jennewein T 2013 New J. Phys. 15 023006 [17] Liu X H, Pei C X, Nie M 2010 Chin. Phys. Lett. 27 120303 [18] Zhu C H, Pei C X, Ma H X, Yu X F 2006 J. Xidian Univ. 33 839 (in Chinese) [朱畅华, 裴昌幸, 马怀新, 于晓飞 2006 西安电子科技大学学报 33 839] [19] Zhou X Q, Wu Y W, Zhao H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 040304 (in Chinese) [周小清, 邬云文, 赵晗 2011 物理学报 60 040304] [20] Yu X T, Xu J, Zhang Z C 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 220303 (in Chinese) [余旭涛, 徐进, 张在琛 2012 物理学报 61 220303] 施引文献
The distributed wireless quantum communication network (DWQCN) has a distributed network topology and transmits information by quantum states. In this paper, we present the concept of the DWQCN and propose a system scheme to transfer quantum states in the DWQCN. The system scheme for transmitting information between any two nodes in the DWQCN includes a routing protocol and a scheme for transferring quantum states. The routing protocol is on-demand and the routing metric is selected based on the number of entangled particle pairs. After setting up a route, quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping are used for transferring quantum states. Entanglement swapping is achieved along with the process of routing set up and the acknowledgment packet transmission. The measurement results of each entanglement swapping are piggybacked with route reply packets or acknowledgment packets. After entanglement swapping, a direct quantum link between source and destination is set up and quantum states are transferred by quantum teleportation. Adopting this scheme, the measurement results of entanglement swapping do not need to be transmitted specially, which decreases the wireless transmission cost and transmission delay.
This study examines the development of wireless quantum communication network and advance quantum com- munication. In this paper we present the idea of system scheme to transfer quantum states in the wireless quantum communication network and advance. Quantum communication is a rapidly evolving field that will significantly impact the twenty-first century. Wireless quantum communication networks transport quantum states using a multi-hop teleportation quantum routing approach. This technique does not require compatibility with classical paths, as quantum states are transported directly along the designated path. The chance of successfully transferring a quantum state is determined using statistics. Researchers analyze statistics to optimize network performance and develop strategies for quantum state transfer success. Advancements in error correction techniques enhance the reliability of quantum communication networks. A quantum state is moved from the source to the destination using direct multi-hop teleportation on the chosen path. Statistics are used to determine the likelihood of successfully transmitting the quantum state.
In distributed wireless quantum communication networks, because of the storage of the clients, the EPR pairs are important resources. The lack of EPR pairs limits the size of networks. Besides, to accomplish quantum teleportation, both classical and quantum information need to be transmitted. We may have difficulty in building classical and quantum channels at the same time. To solve these problems, we introduce mesh structure into wireless quantum communication. The distributed wireless quantum networks can be improved by this mesh structure we proposed. Moreover, a quantum routing protocol based on quantum relay mechanism is proposed in this mesh structure.
Quantum wireless multi-hop network (QWMN) is one emerging area which is relative to quantum communication and information. Long distance delivery of quantum information in network is an important problem in future. This results in our study on quantum state propagation in QWMN by using EPR pairs. In this paper, we present and prove method to transfer quantum state in QWMN. With this method, quantum state can be teleported from source to destination and intermediate nodes can complete teleportation in parallelism and independently in QWMN. The time complexity of this method is independent of number of hops. In addition, we verify that EPR-pair bridging is still applicable for transmitting quantum state in n-hop routing and extend the logical relation of result to n-hop case. Based on these studies, we can propagate quantum states instantaneously in QWMN and destination node can recover the state only with the measurement outcomes of intermediate nodes.