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IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)

Efficient quantum secure direct communication with authentication

Wen Liu, Hanwu Chen, Zhi-giang Li, Zhihao Liu, Fangying Xiao

Published Jun 1, 2008• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305(2006)], proposed by Lee, Lim and Yang, recently were indicated to be insecure against the authenticator Trentpsilas attacks [Phys. Rev. A 75, 026301(2007)]. In this paper, two novel efficient protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication are presented by utilizing four kinds of Pauli operations (I, sigmax, isigmay, sigmaz). These new protocols can transmit two bits message every GHZ state, instead of one bit in the aforementioned protocols. Analysis shows that they are secure against the inner participantpsilas attacks (such as Trentpsilas attacks) as well as the outer Evepsilas attacks. Finally, we generalize them to multiparty quantum direction communication.

DOI
10.1109/cec.2008.4631028

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Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305(2006)], proposed by Lee, Lim and Yang, recently were indicated to be insecure against the authenticator Trentpsilas attacks [Phys. Rev. A 75, 026301(2007)]. In this paper, two novel efficient protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication are presented by utilizing four kinds of Pauli operations (I, sigmax, isigmay, sigmaz). These new protocols can transmit two bits message every GHZ state, instead of one bit in the aforementioned protocols. Analysis shows that they are secure against the inner participantpsilas attacks (such as Trentpsilas attacks) as well as the outer Evepsilas attacks. Finally, we generalize them to multiparty quantum direction communication.
In the multiparty communication, there are two types of Communication modes: the many-to-one mode and the one-to-many mode. In this paper, two efficient authenticated multiparty quantum secure direct communication protocols are presented by using GHZ states and dense coding, one is used for the many-to-one communication, and the other is suitable to the one-to-many communication. Analysis shows these protocols are secure against outer Evepsilas attacks and inner anticipators' attacks (including Trent's attacks), and show more efficiency on message transmission and the repeated use of secrete identity.
Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305 (2006)] were recently proposed by Lee, Lim, and Yang. In this paper we will show that in the two protocols the authenticator Trent should be prevented from knowing the secret message. The first protocol can be eavesdropped on by Trent using the intercept-measure-resend attack, while the second protocol can be eavesdropped on by Trent using a simple single-qubit measurement. To fix these leaks, we revise the original versions of the protocols by using the Pauli ZZZ operation ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{z}$ instead of the original bit-flip operation XXX. As a consequence, the attacks we present can be prevented and accordingly the protocol securities are improved.
Two efficient protocols of quantum secure direct communication with authentication [Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 (2008) 2354] were recently proposed by Liu et al. to improve the efficiency of two protocols presented in [Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007) 026301] by four Pauli operations. We show that the high efficiency of the two protocols is at the expense of their security. The authenticator Trent can reach half the secret by a particular attack strategy in the first protocol. In the second protocol, not only Trent but also an eavesdropper outside can elicit half-information about the secret from the public declaration.
A multiparty controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol is proposed based on EPR pair and entanglement swapping. The legitimate identities of communicating parties are encoded to Bell states which act as a detection sequence. Secret messages are transmitted by using the classical XOR operation, which serves as a one-time-pad. No photon with secret information transmits in the quantum channel. Compared with the protocols proposed by Wang et al. [Acta Phys. Sin. 56 (2007) 673; Opt. Commun. 266 (2006) 732 ], the protocol in this study implements bidirectional communication and authentication, which defends most attacks including the 'man-in-the-middle' attack efficiently.
A novel efficient deterministic secure quantum communication scheme based on four-qubit cluster states and single-photon identity authentication is proposed. In this scheme, the two authenticated users can transmit two bits of classical information per cluster state, and its efficiency of the quantum communication is 1/3, which is approximately 1.67 times that of the previous protocol presented by Wang et al [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 2658]. Security analysis shows the present scheme is secure against intercept-resend attack and the impersonator's attack. Furthermore, it is more economic with present-day techniques and easily processed by a one-way quantum computer.