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arXiv:0711.3502 · Chinese Physics Letters

Efficient Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Authentication

Wenjie Liu, Hanwu Chen, Zhiqiang Li, Zhihao Liu

Published Jul 1, 2008• 40 citations
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Abstract

Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73 (2006) 042305] were recently indicated to be insecure against the authenticator Trent attacks [Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007) 026301]. We present two efficient protocols by using four Pauli operations, which are secure against inner Trent attacks as well as outer Eve attacks. Finally we generalize them to multiparty quantum direction communication.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/25/7/007

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Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73 (2006) 042305] were recently indicated to be insecure against the authenticator Trent attacks [Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007) 026301]. We present two efficient protocols by using four Pauli operations, which are secure against inner Trent attacks as well as outer Eve attacks. Finally we generalize them to multiparty quantum direction communication.
Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305(2006)], proposed by Lee, Lim and Yang, recently were indicated to be insecure against the authenticator Trentpsilas attacks [Phys. Rev. A 75, 026301(2007)]. In this paper, two novel efficient protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication are presented by utilizing four kinds of Pauli operations (I, sigmax, isigmay, sigmaz). These new protocols can transmit two bits message every GHZ state, instead of one bit in the aforementioned protocols. Analysis shows that they are secure against the inner participantpsilas attacks (such as Trentpsilas attacks) as well as the outer Evepsilas attacks. Finally, we generalize them to multiparty quantum direction communication.
Two efficient protocols of quantum secure direct communication with authentication [Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 (2008) 2354] were recently proposed by Liu et al. to improve the efficiency of two protocols presented in [Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007) 026301] by four Pauli operations. We show that the high efficiency of the two protocols is at the expense of their security. The authenticator Trent can reach half the secret by a particular attack strategy in the first protocol. In the second protocol, not only Trent but also an eavesdropper outside can elicit half-information about the secret from the public declaration.
Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305 (2006)] were recently proposed by Lee, Lim, and Yang. In this paper we will show that in the two protocols the authenticator Trent should be prevented from knowing the secret message. The first protocol can be eavesdropped on by Trent using the intercept-measure-resend attack, while the second protocol can be eavesdropped on by Trent using a simple single-qubit measurement. To fix these leaks, we revise the original versions of the protocols by using the Pauli ZZZ operation ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{z}$ instead of the original bit-flip operation XXX. As a consequence, the attacks we present can be prevented and accordingly the protocol securities are improved.
In the multiparty communication, there are two types of Communication modes: the many-to-one mode and the one-to-many mode. In this paper, two efficient authenticated multiparty quantum secure direct communication protocols are presented by using GHZ states and dense coding, one is used for the many-to-one communication, and the other is suitable to the one-to-many communication. Analysis shows these protocols are secure against outer Evepsilas attacks and inner anticipators' attacks (including Trent's attacks), and show more efficiency on message transmission and the repeated use of secrete identity.
Based on mutual authentication and dense coding, a novel revised efficient quantum direct communication scheme is proposed. It is composed of two phases: the quantum state distribution process and the direct communication process. The purpose of the former is to authenticate Trent and users to each other, and let the two legitimate users (Alice and Bob) safely share the Bell states. While the latter aims to make direct communication to transmit a secret message between Alice and Bob. In order to prevent from Eve's eavesdropping as well as to authenticate each other simultaneously, a decoy photon checking technique is applied. Compared with other analogous protocols, the quantum state distribution process is more simple and feasible and the proposed scheme is more efficient; i.e., the total efficiency is almost 100%. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme is secure against the eavesdropping attacks, the impersonation attacks, and some special Trent's attacks, including the attacks by using different initial states.
A multiparty controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol is proposed based on EPR pair and entanglement swapping. The legitimate identities of communicating parties are encoded to Bell states which act as a detection sequence. Secret messages are transmitted by using the classical XOR operation, which serves as a one-time-pad. No photon with secret information transmits in the quantum channel. Compared with the protocols proposed by Wang et al. [Acta Phys. Sin. 56 (2007) 673; Opt. Commun. 266 (2006) 732 ], the protocol in this study implements bidirectional communication and authentication, which defends most attacks including the 'man-in-the-middle' attack efficiently.