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Chinese Physics Letters

High Efficiency of Two Efficient QSDC with Authentication Is at the Cost of Their Security

Qin Su-Juan, Wen Qiao-yan, Luoming Meng, Fu-Chen Zhu

Published Feb 1, 2009• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two efficient protocols of quantum secure direct communication with authentication [Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 (2008) 2354] were recently proposed by Liu et al. to improve the efficiency of two protocols presented in [Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007) 026301] by four Pauli operations. We show that the high efficiency of the two protocols is at the expense of their security. The authenticator Trent can reach half the secret by a particular attack strategy in the first protocol. In the second protocol, not only Trent but also an eavesdropper outside can elicit half-information about the secret from the public declaration.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/26/2/020312

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Two efficient protocols of quantum secure direct communication with authentication [Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 (2008) 2354] were recently proposed by Liu et al. to improve the efficiency of two protocols presented in [Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007) 026301] by four Pauli operations. We show that the high efficiency of the two protocols is at the expense of their security. The authenticator Trent can reach half the secret by a particular attack strategy in the first protocol. In the second protocol, not only Trent but also an eavesdropper outside can elicit half-information about the secret from the public declaration.
Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305 (2006)] were recently proposed by Lee, Lim, and Yang. In this paper we will show that in the two protocols the authenticator Trent should be prevented from knowing the secret message. The first protocol can be eavesdropped on by Trent using the intercept-measure-resend attack, while the second protocol can be eavesdropped on by Trent using a simple single-qubit measurement. To fix these leaks, we revise the original versions of the protocols by using the Pauli ZZZ operation ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{z}$ instead of the original bit-flip operation XXX. As a consequence, the attacks we present can be prevented and accordingly the protocol securities are improved.
Two protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305(2006)], proposed by Lee, Lim and Yang, recently were indicated to be insecure against the authenticator Trentpsilas attacks [Phys. Rev. A 75, 026301(2007)]. In this paper, two novel efficient protocols of quantum direct communication with authentication are presented by utilizing four kinds of Pauli operations (I, sigmax, isigmay, sigmaz). These new protocols can transmit two bits message every GHZ state, instead of one bit in the aforementioned protocols. Analysis shows that they are secure against the inner participantpsilas attacks (such as Trentpsilas attacks) as well as the outer Evepsilas attacks. Finally, we generalize them to multiparty quantum direction communication.
In a recent paper[J. Korean. Phys. Soc. 49 (2006) 459], two GHZ-state-based quantum secure direct communication protocols were presented. Here we point out that an eavesdropper can utilize a special property of GHZ states, i.e. “correlation-elicitable" to obtain half information of the transmitted secrets without being detected in both protocols. The particular attack strategy is demonstrated in detail. Furthermore, a possible improvement is proposed, which makes the protocols secure against this kind of attack.
In this paper we propose two quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols with authentication. The authentication key expansion method is introduced to improve the life of the keys with security. In the first scheme, the third party, called Trent is introduced to authenticate the users that participate in the communication. He sends the polarized photons in blocks to authenticate communication parties Alice and Bob using the authentication keys. In the communication process, polarized single photons are used to serve as the carriers, which transmit the secret messages directly. The second QSDC process with authentication between two parties is also discussed.