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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Resolving closely spaced hyperfine levels in the 3P3/2state of23Na

Dipankar Das, Kanhaiya Pandey, Ajay Wasan, Vasant Natarajan A

Published Jul 11, 2006• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have resolved closely spaced hyperfine levels in the 3P(3/2) state of Na-23 with a technique of coherent-control spectroscopy that uses co-propagating beams. The probe beam is locked to one hyperfine transition, while the control beam is scanned across a neighbouring transition. An acousto-optic modulator placed in the path of the control beam provides calibrated frequency offsets for measuring the hyperfine intervals. We thus obtain precise values for the hyperfine constants in the 3P(3/2) state: A = 18.530(3) MHz and B = 2.721(8) MHz, which improve previous values significantly.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/39/14/017

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We have resolved closely spaced hyperfine levels in the 3P(3/2) state of Na-23 with a technique of coherent-control spectroscopy that uses co-propagating beams. The probe beam is locked to one hyperfine transition, while the control beam is scanned across a neighbouring transition. An acousto-optic modulator placed in the path of the control beam provides calibrated frequency offsets for measuring the hyperfine intervals. We thus obtain precise values for the hyperfine constants in the 3P(3/2) state: A = 18.530(3) MHz and B = 2.721(8) MHz, which improve previous values significantly.
We show that coherent-control techniques are uniquely suited for high-resolution hyperfine spectroscopy. We apply this method to a V-type system in the D 2 line of 133 Cs The spectrum of a weak probe beam shows Doppler-free transparency peaks when the strong control beam is resonant with a neighboring hyperfine transition. The lineshape and linewidth are consistent with theoretical calculations. Using an acousto-optic modulator to calibrate the frequency of the control beam, we measure hyperfine intervals in the 6 P 3/2 state with an accuracy of 6 kHz. The measurement is important because there is a large discrepancy between two earlier measurements on this state.
The hyperfine transitions in the 399 nm ${^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{^{1}P}_{1}$ line in 173Yb^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}173Yb overlap with the transition in 172Yb^{172}\text{Y}\text{b}172Yb. We use transverse laser cooling on this line to selectively deflect 173Yb^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}173Yb atoms from a thermal beam containing both isotopes. We then use an acousto-optic modulator to span the frequency difference between the hyperfine transitions, and hence measure hyperfine structure in the 1P1{^{1}P}_{1}1P1​ state. Our precise values for the hyperfine constants, ${A}_{173}=57.693\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006\text{ }\text{MHz}$ and ${B}_{173}=609.028\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.056\text{ }\text{MHz}$, improve previous values significantly.
We have shown earlier that hyperfine spectroscopy in a vapor cell using co-propagating pump-probe beams has many advantages over the usual technique of saturated-absorption spectroscopy using counter-propagating beams. The main advantages are the absence of crossover resonances, the appearance of the signal on a flat (Doppler-free) background, and the higher signal-to-noise ratio of the primary peaks. Interaction with non-zero-velocity atoms causes additional peaks, but only one of them appears within the primary spectrum. We first illustrate the advantages of this technique for high-resolution spectroscopy by studying the D2D_2D2​ line of Rb. We then use an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) for frequency calibration to make precise hyperfine-interval measurements in the first excited P3/2P_{3/2}P3/2​ state of 85,87^{85,87}85,87Rb and 133^{133}133Cs.
High-sensitivity spectroscopy of caesium's higher excited 8S 1/2 state is obtained by a coherent two-photon transition via an intermediate resonance state. The ladder-type atomic system is driven by two counter-propagating low-power diode lasers, the probe laser being tuned to the transition from the ground state to the intermediate state (6S 1/2 –6P 1/2 ), and the coupling laser to that between the intermediate and the final state (6P 1/2 –8S 1/2 ). By locking the probe laser and scanning the coupling laser, the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) peaks appear in the probe transmission when the coupling laser resonates with each of the hyperfine levels. Compared with conventional EIT, where the signal-to-noise ratio is limited by the absorptive Doppler background, here these narrow-linewidth peaks have no Doppler background. The peak centres are well determined from theoretical fits to the experimental data. To accurately measure the 8S 1/2 hyperfine structure splitting, we developed a simple method to eliminate error arising from the nonlinear frequency scanning by employing an optical waveguide phase modulator and a confocal Fabry–Perot cavity. The hyperfine structure constants of the caesium 8S 1/2 state are obtained from hyperfine structure splitting measurements. Systematic effects from the ac-Stark and Zeeman shifts are studied. The measured hyperfine magnetic dipole constant A = (219.08 ± 0.12) MHz is consistent with previous results.
We demonstrate a technique for frequency measurements of atomic transitions with a precision of 30 kHz. The frequency is measured with a ring-cavity resonator whose length is calibrated against a reference laser locked to the D2 line of 87Rb, the frequency of which is known with 10-kHz accuracy. We have used this method to measure the hyperfine structure in the 5P(3/2) state of 85Rb. We obtain precise values for the hyperfine constants, A = 25.041(6) MHz and B = 26.013(25) MHz, and a value of 77.992(20) MHz for the isotope shift in the D2 line.
We present a method to precisely determine the hyperfine structure constants of the rubidium 5D5/2 and 7S1/2 states in a cascade atomic system. The probe laser is coupled to the 5S1/2→5P3/2 hyperfine transition, while the coupling laser is scanned over the 5P3/2→5D5/2(7S1/2) transition. The high-resolution double-resonance optical pumping spectra are obtained with two counter-propagating laser beams acting on rubidium vapor. The hyperfine splitting structures are accurately measured by an optical frequency ruler based on the acousto-optic modulator, thus, the magnetic dipole hyperfine coupling constant A and quadrupole coupling constant B are determined. It is of great significance for the atomic hyperfine structure and fundamental physics research.