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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Hyperfine spectroscopy on the 6 P 3/2 state of 133 Cs using coherent control

Dipankar Das, Vasant Natarajan A

Published Nov 3, 2005• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show that coherent-control techniques are uniquely suited for high-resolution hyperfine spectroscopy. We apply this method to a V-type system in the D 2 line of 133 Cs The spectrum of a weak probe beam shows Doppler-free transparency peaks when the strong control beam is resonant with a neighboring hyperfine transition. The lineshape and linewidth are consistent with theoretical calculations. Using an acousto-optic modulator to calibrate the frequency of the control beam, we measure hyperfine intervals in the 6 P 3/2 state with an accuracy of 6 kHz. The measurement is important because there is a large discrepancy between two earlier measurements on this state.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2005-10305-x

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We show that coherent-control techniques are uniquely suited for high-resolution hyperfine spectroscopy. We apply this method to a V-type system in the D 2 line of 133 Cs The spectrum of a weak probe beam shows Doppler-free transparency peaks when the strong control beam is resonant with a neighboring hyperfine transition. The lineshape and linewidth are consistent with theoretical calculations. Using an acousto-optic modulator to calibrate the frequency of the control beam, we measure hyperfine intervals in the 6 P 3/2 state with an accuracy of 6 kHz. The measurement is important because there is a large discrepancy between two earlier measurements on this state.
We have shown earlier that hyperfine spectroscopy in a vapor cell using co-propagating pump-probe beams has many advantages over the usual technique of saturated-absorption spectroscopy using counter-propagating beams. The main advantages are the absence of crossover resonances, the appearance of the signal on a flat (Doppler-free) background, and the higher signal-to-noise ratio of the primary peaks. Interaction with non-zero-velocity atoms causes additional peaks, but only one of them appears within the primary spectrum. We first illustrate the advantages of this technique for high-resolution spectroscopy by studying the D2D_2D2​ line of Rb. We then use an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) for frequency calibration to make precise hyperfine-interval measurements in the first excited P3/2P_{3/2}P3/2​ state of 85,87^{85,87}85,87Rb and 133^{133}133Cs.
We have resolved closely spaced hyperfine levels in the 3P(3/2) state of Na-23 with a technique of coherent-control spectroscopy that uses co-propagating beams. The probe beam is locked to one hyperfine transition, while the control beam is scanned across a neighbouring transition. An acousto-optic modulator placed in the path of the control beam provides calibrated frequency offsets for measuring the hyperfine intervals. We thus obtain precise values for the hyperfine constants in the 3P(3/2) state: A = 18.530(3) MHz and B = 2.721(8) MHz, which improve previous values significantly.
High-sensitivity spectroscopy of caesium's higher excited 8S 1/2 state is obtained by a coherent two-photon transition via an intermediate resonance state. The ladder-type atomic system is driven by two counter-propagating low-power diode lasers, the probe laser being tuned to the transition from the ground state to the intermediate state (6S 1/2 –6P 1/2 ), and the coupling laser to that between the intermediate and the final state (6P 1/2 –8S 1/2 ). By locking the probe laser and scanning the coupling laser, the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) peaks appear in the probe transmission when the coupling laser resonates with each of the hyperfine levels. Compared with conventional EIT, where the signal-to-noise ratio is limited by the absorptive Doppler background, here these narrow-linewidth peaks have no Doppler background. The peak centres are well determined from theoretical fits to the experimental data. To accurately measure the 8S 1/2 hyperfine structure splitting, we developed a simple method to eliminate error arising from the nonlinear frequency scanning by employing an optical waveguide phase modulator and a confocal Fabry–Perot cavity. The hyperfine structure constants of the caesium 8S 1/2 state are obtained from hyperfine structure splitting measurements. Systematic effects from the ac-Stark and Zeeman shifts are studied. The measured hyperfine magnetic dipole constant A = (219.08 ± 0.12) MHz is consistent with previous results.
We demonstrate a technique for precisely measuring hyperfine intervals in alkali atoms. The atoms form a three-level Λ system in the presence of a strong control laser and a weak probe laser. The dressed states created by the control laser show significant linewidth reduction. We have developed a technique for Doppler-free spectroscopy that enables the separation between the dressed states to be measured with high accuracy even in room temperature atoms. The states go through an avoided crossing as the detuning of the control laser is changed from positive to negative. By studying the separation as a function of detuning, the center of the level-crossing diagram is determined with high precision, which yields the hyperfine interval. Using room temperature Rb vapor, we obtain a precision of 44 kHz. This is a significant improvement over the current precision of ∼ 1 MHz.
We investigate the coherent pump?probe spectroscopy of a three-level ? system, , in the hyperfine manifold of D2 transition (852?nm) of cesium with particular reference to the sub-Doppler linewidth resonance arising from Aulter?Townes (AT) splitting and the possibility of using it for realizing a scheme for tunable atomic frequency offset locking (AFOL). We discuss here the theoretical framework for a ? system interacting with a coherent pump and probe and use it to describe the process of modulation transfer in the AT and electromagnetically induced transparency regimes. We further employ an experimental scheme consisting of a strong pump and a pair of weak probes to resolve the sub-Doppler linewidth (~8?MHz) AT resonance and study its dependence on pump intensity and detuning. In order to explore the possibility of using such a sub-Doppler linewidth resonance for AFOL, we use its first derivative signal as a frequency discriminator to stabilize the probe laser. The frequency stability of the probe is characterized by means of error signal analysis. This study reveals that while the frequency stability of the AT locked laser is limited by the pump laser, the tuning range of the offset frequency lock can cover the entire Doppler profile and its immediate neighbourhood, thereby providing a simple and cost effective alternative to the external modulator. The study described in this paper contributes to the discussion on the subtle link between dressed state spectroscopy and AFOL, which is relevant for developing a master?slave-type laser system in the domain of coherent photon?atom interaction.
We use the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency in a three-level atomic system for hyperfine spectroscopy of upper states that are not directly coupled to the ground state. The three levels form a ladder system: the probe laser couples the ground state to the lower excited state, while the control laser couples the two upper states. As the frequency of the control laser is scanned, the probe absorption shows transparency peaks whenever the control laser is resonant with a hyperfine level of the upper state. As an illustration of the technique, we measure hyperfine structure in the 7 S 1/2 states of 85 Rb and 87 Rb, and obtain an improvement of more than an order of magnitude over previous values.