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arXiv:physics/0510135 · Europhysics Letters (EPL)

High-resolution hyperfine spectroscopy of excited states using electromagnetically induced transparency

A Krishna, K Pandey, Ajay Wasan, Vasant Natarajan A

Published Sep 13, 2005• 82 citations
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Abstract

We use the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency in a three-level atomic system for hyperfine spectroscopy of upper states that are not directly coupled to the ground state. The three levels form a ladder system: the probe laser couples the ground state to the lower excited state, while the control laser couples the two upper states. As the frequency of the control laser is scanned, the probe absorption shows transparency peaks whenever the control laser is resonant with a hyperfine level of the upper state. As an illustration of the technique, we measure hyperfine structure in the 7 S 1/2 states of 85 Rb and 87 Rb, and obtain an improvement of more than an order of magnitude over previous values.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2005-10228-6

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We use the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency in a three-level atomic system for hyperfine spectroscopy of upper states that are not directly coupled to the ground state. The three levels form a ladder system: the probe laser couples the ground state to the lower excited state, while the control laser couples the two upper states. As the frequency of the control laser is scanned, the probe absorption shows transparency peaks whenever the control laser is resonant with a hyperfine level of the upper state. As an illustration of the technique, we measure hyperfine structure in the 7 S 1/2 states of 85 Rb and 87 Rb, and obtain an improvement of more than an order of magnitude over previous values.
Based on the cesium 6S1/2 -6P3/2 -8S1/2 ladder-type system, electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) is further investigated in a room-temperature vapor cell. When the probe laser is locked to one of the hyperfine transitions between the ground state 6S1/2 (F=3) and the intermediate state 6P3/2 while the coupling laser scans the transition between the intermediate state 6P3/2 and the excited state 8S1/2, the EIT spectrum has a flat background improving the spectral resolution. The theoretically calculated EIT spectral profiles from a multi-level ladder-type model are consistent well with the obtained experimental phenomena.
We report experimentally the properties of the hyperfine spectra in [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transitions of [Formula: see text]Rb. When the frequency of the coupling field is fixed between [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transition and the probe scans the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transitions, two-photon absorption (TPA) and electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) peaks could be investigated simultaneously, and the amplitude of the peaks can be controlled by changing the temperature of rubidium atomic vapor cell and the probe field power. In particular, the probe field power plays a dual role in controlling the amplitude of the peaks. In the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transitions with the open intermediate state [Formula: see text], with decrease of the coupling field power, our experimental results show a crossover from a convoluted line-shape to EIT when the probe is weak whereas a transformation from a convoluted line-shape to TPA with an enhanced probe power. Formation of the convoluted line-shape is explained by virtue of the dressed energy-level diagram.
High-sensitivity spectroscopy of caesium's higher excited 8S 1/2 state is obtained by a coherent two-photon transition via an intermediate resonance state. The ladder-type atomic system is driven by two counter-propagating low-power diode lasers, the probe laser being tuned to the transition from the ground state to the intermediate state (6S 1/2 –6P 1/2 ), and the coupling laser to that between the intermediate and the final state (6P 1/2 –8S 1/2 ). By locking the probe laser and scanning the coupling laser, the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) peaks appear in the probe transmission when the coupling laser resonates with each of the hyperfine levels. Compared with conventional EIT, where the signal-to-noise ratio is limited by the absorptive Doppler background, here these narrow-linewidth peaks have no Doppler background. The peak centres are well determined from theoretical fits to the experimental data. To accurately measure the 8S 1/2 hyperfine structure splitting, we developed a simple method to eliminate error arising from the nonlinear frequency scanning by employing an optical waveguide phase modulator and a confocal Fabry–Perot cavity. The hyperfine structure constants of the caesium 8S 1/2 state are obtained from hyperfine structure splitting measurements. Systematic effects from the ac-Stark and Zeeman shifts are studied. The measured hyperfine magnetic dipole constant A = (219.08 ± 0.12) MHz is consistent with previous results.
We report electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in cold 85 Rb atoms, trapped in the lower hyperfine level F = 2, of the ground state 5 2 S 1/2 (Tiwari V B et al 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 063421). Two steady-state Λ-type systems of hyperfine energy levels are investigated using probe transitions into the levels F ′ = 2 and F ′ = 3 of the excited state 5 2 P 3/2 in the presence of coupling transitions F = 3 → F ′ = 2 and F = 3 → F ′ = 3, respectively. The effects of uncoupled magnetic sublevel transitions and coupling field's Rabi frequency on the EIT signal from these systems are studied using a simple theoretical model.
Rydberg atoms, with large principal quantum number n, have been widely investigated in recent years due to their peculiar properties, such as big sizes, long lifetimes and strong interactions with fields and other Rydberg atoms. Rydberg atoms are very sensitive to external fields due to their large polarizabilities scaling as n7.These make Rydberg atoms an ideal candidate for the quantum information, the many-body interaction, etc.In this work, we investigate the Rydberg atoms using electromagneticlly induced transparency (EIT) in a ladder three-level system. The EIT is a quantum interference effect between two excitation path-ways driven by two laser fields. The main idea is performed in a room temperature cesium vapor cell, where the probe laser frequency is modulated. The ground state (6P1/2), excited state (6P3/2), and Rydberg state (nS1/2) constitute a Rydberg three-level system, in which the probe laser is fixed to the 6S1/2 (F = 4)6P3/2 (F = 5) transition by saturated absorption spectrum technique, whereas the coupling laser is scanned across the 6P3/249S1/2 transition. We detect the demodulated EIT signal with the lock-in amplifier (SR830). The modulated EIT signal shows a two-peak structure. The measured spacing between two peaks increases with the frequency detuning, caused by the modulation amplitude, and half the spacing between the peak-to-peak is nearly 1.67 times the modulation amplitude of the probe laser; the measured result shows that the splitting is independent of the modulation frequency. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical calculations. The results in our work can be used for real-time monitoring of the laser-line profiles and the fluctuation of laser frequency.
We have studied the high resolution spectroscopy of Rydberg state 87Rb in a ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) configuration at room temperature. A highly excited Rydberg atom is nearly degenerate for its hyperfine states but this degeneracy will be broken by an applied magnetic field, resulting in a spectral splitting in a coupled basis. In our ladder-type EIT experiment, we observed the high resolution spectral splitting of Rydberg atoms in an external magnetic field with two different optical polarization combinations of σ+ − σ+ and σ+ − σ− for probe and coupling laser beams. A strict theory has been set up to explain the observed spectral line position and intensity accurately considering the Zeeman effects of three EIT-concerned states all in the coupled basis. Specially for the Rydberg state, we can transform its wavefunction back into the decoupled basis for the spectral line assignment.