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Physical Review A

Laser cooling of Y173b for isotope separation and precision hyperfine spectroscopy

Dipankar Das, Vasant Natarajan A

Published Dec 13, 2007• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The hyperfine transitions in the 399 nm ${^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{^{1}P}_{1}$ line in $^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}$ overlap with the transition in $^{172}\text{Y}\text{b}$. We use transverse laser cooling on this line to selectively deflect $^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}$ atoms from a thermal beam containing both isotopes. We then use an acousto-optic modulator to span the frequency difference between the hyperfine transitions, and hence measure hyperfine structure in the ${^{1}P}_{1}$ state. Our precise values for the hyperfine constants, ${A}_{173}=57.693\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006\text{ }\text{MHz}$ and ${B}_{173}=609.028\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.056\text{ }\text{MHz}$, improve previous values significantly.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.76.062505

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The hyperfine transitions in the 399 nm 1S0\ensuremath↔1P1{^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{^{1}P}_{1}1S0​\ensuremath↔1P1​ line in 173Yb^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}173Yb overlap with the transition in 172Yb^{172}\text{Y}\text{b}172Yb. We use transverse laser cooling on this line to selectively deflect 173Yb^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}173Yb atoms from a thermal beam containing both isotopes. We then use an acousto-optic modulator to span the frequency difference between the hyperfine transitions, and hence measure hyperfine structure in the 1P1{^{1}P}_{1}1P1​ state. Our precise values for the hyperfine constants, A173=57.693\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.006 MHz{A}_{173}=57.693\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006\text{ }\text{MHz}A173​=57.693\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.006 MHz and B173=609.028\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.056 MHz{B}_{173}=609.028\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.056\text{ }\text{MHz}B173​=609.028\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.056 MHz, improve previous values significantly.
We demonstrate that laser cooling, combined with VVV-scheme optical double-resonance spectroscopy, provides a sensitive means to measure isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings. Our technique is illustrated using the 398.8-nm ${(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{1}{P}_{1}$ and 555.6-nm ${(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{3}{P}_{1}$ transitions in a neutral ytterbium atomic beam having natural isotopic composition. With a precision comparable to existing approaches, our unique method has enabled the most complete single-technique survey to date of the ${}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}}^{1}{P}_{1}$ isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings.
We report on the measurement of the isotope shifts of the 3d74sa5F5–3d74pz5G6o3{d}^{7}4s\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{}^{5}{F}_{5}\text{--}3{d}^{7}4p\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}z\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{}^{5}{G}_{6}^{o}3d74sa5F5​–3d74pz5G6o​ Fe i line at 358 nm between all four stable isotopes 54Fe,56Fe,57Fe^{54}\text{Fe},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{56}\text{Fe},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{57}\text{Fe}54Fe,56Fe,57Fe, and 58Fe^{58}\text{Fe}58Fe, as well as the hyperfine structure of that line for 57Fe^{57}\text{Fe}57Fe, the only stable isotope having a nonzero nuclear spin. This line is of primary importance for laser-cooling applications. In addition, an experimental value of the field and specific mass shift coefficients of the transition is reported as well as the hyperfine structure magnetic dipole coupling constant AAA of the transition excited state in 57Fe^{57}\text{Fe}57Fe, namely A(3d74pz5G6o)=31.241(48)A(3{d}^{7}4p\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}z\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{}^{5}{G}_{6}^{o})=31.241(48)A(3d74pz5G6o​)=31.241(48) MHz. The measurements were carried out by means of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy performed on an isotope-enriched iron atomic beam. All measured frequency shifts are reported with relative uncertainties below one third percent.
We report the first observation to our knowledge of the 6s2 S10-6s6p P11∘ transition (398.8 nm) of 168Yb. The relative position of this spectral line was directly determined by using a laser sideband technique to simultaneously probe pairs of lines. The hyperfine structure of 171Yb and the isotope shifts of 170Yb, 171Yb, and 174Yb were determined to an accuracy of better than 6 MHz and found to differ by as much as 23 MHz from previous results. By using photon-burst spectroscopy to carry out these measurements we obtained subnatural linewidths and fully resolved the 170Yb and 171Yb lines, which otherwise overlap in fluorescence.
We report the experimental results on measuring the isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings of all ytterbium isotopes for a 399-nm transition by using a quite simple and novel method. It benefits from the advantages of the modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp and the Doppler-free spectroscopy in a collimated ytterbium atomic beam. The key technique in this experiment is simultaneously measuring the frequency separations of the two spectra twice, and the separation difference between two measurements is solely determined by the well-defined frequency of an acousto-optics modulator. Compared with the most of previously reported experimental results, ours are more accurate and completed, which will provide the useful information for developing a more accurate theoretical model to describe the interaction inside an ytterbium atom.
Optical frequency measurements of the intercombination line $(6{s}^{2})\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ in the isotopes of ytterbium are carried out with the use of sub-Doppler fluorescence spectroscopy on an atomic beam. A dispersive signal is generated to which a master laser is locked, while frequency counting of an auxiliary beat signal is performed via a frequency comb referenced to a hydrogen maser. The relative separations between the lines are used to evaluate the 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​-level magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole constants for the fermionic isotopes. The center of gravity for the 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ levels in 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb and 173Yb^{173}\mathrm{Yb}173Yb are also evaluated, where we find significant disagreement with previously reported values. These hyperfine constants provide a valuable testbed for atomic many-body computations in ytterbium.
We have measured and analyzed the hyperfine structure of two lines, one at 583 nm and one at 401 nm, of the only stable fermionic isotope of atomic erbium as well as determined its isotope shift relative to the four most-abundant bosonic isotopes. Our work focuses on the $J\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J+1$ laser cooling transitions from the [Xe]4f126s2(3H6)[\text{Xe}]4{f}^{12}6{s}^{2}{(}^{3}{H}_{6})[Xe]4f126s2(3H6​) ground state to two levels of the excited [Xe]4f126s6p[\text{Xe}]4{f}^{12}6s6p[Xe]4f126s6p configuration, which are of major interest for experiments on quantum degenerate dipolar Fermi gases. From a fit to the observed spectra of the strong optical transition at 401 nm we find that the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole hyperfine constants for the excited state are ${A}_{e}/h=\ensuremath{-}100.1(3)\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ and ${B}_{e}/h=\ensuremath{-}3079(30)\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, respectively. The hyperfine spectrum of the narrow transition at 583 nm, was previously observed and accurate Ae{A}_{e}Ae​ and Be{B}_{e}Be​ coefficients are available. A simulated spectrum based on these coefficients agrees well with our measurements. We have also determined the hyperfine constants using relativistic configuration-interaction ab initio calculations. The agreement between the ab initio and fitted data for the ground state is better than 0.1%, while for the two excited states the agreement is 1% and 11% for the Ae{A}_{e}Ae​ and Be{B}_{e}Be​ constants, respectively.