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Physical Review A

Optical double-resonance cooled-atom spectroscopy

Thomas H. Loftus, Jason R. Bochinski, THOMAS W. MOSSBERG

Published Jan 4, 2001• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate that laser cooling, combined with $V$-scheme optical double-resonance spectroscopy, provides a sensitive means to measure isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings. Our technique is illustrated using the 398.8-nm ${(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{1}{P}_{1}$ and 555.6-nm ${(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{3}{P}_{1}$ transitions in a neutral ytterbium atomic beam having natural isotopic composition. With a precision comparable to existing approaches, our unique method has enabled the most complete single-technique survey to date of the ${}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}}^{1}{P}_{1}$ isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.63.023402

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arXiv:1008.3224•Physical Review A•Oct 25, 2010•14 citations
We demonstrate that laser cooling, combined with VVV-scheme optical double-resonance spectroscopy, provides a sensitive means to measure isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings. Our technique is illustrated using the 398.8-nm (6s2)1S0\ensuremath−(6s6p)1P1{(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{1}{P}_{1}(6s2)1S0​\ensuremath−(6s6p)1P1​ and 555.6-nm (6s2)1S0\ensuremath−(6s6p)3P1{(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{3}{P}_{1}(6s2)1S0​\ensuremath−(6s6p)3P1​ transitions in a neutral ytterbium atomic beam having natural isotopic composition. With a precision comparable to existing approaches, our unique method has enabled the most complete single-technique survey to date of the 1S0\ensuremath−1P1{}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}}^{1}{P}_{1}1S0​\ensuremath−1P1​ isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings.
We report the experimental results on measuring the isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings of all ytterbium isotopes for a 399-nm transition by using a quite simple and novel method. It benefits from the advantages of the modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp and the Doppler-free spectroscopy in a collimated ytterbium atomic beam. The key technique in this experiment is simultaneously measuring the frequency separations of the two spectra twice, and the separation difference between two measurements is solely determined by the well-defined frequency of an acousto-optics modulator. Compared with the most of previously reported experimental results, ours are more accurate and completed, which will provide the useful information for developing a more accurate theoretical model to describe the interaction inside an ytterbium atom.
The hyperfine transitions in the 399 nm ${^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{^{1}P}_{1}$ line in 173Yb^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}173Yb overlap with the transition in 172Yb^{172}\text{Y}\text{b}172Yb. We use transverse laser cooling on this line to selectively deflect 173Yb^{173}\text{Y}\text{b}173Yb atoms from a thermal beam containing both isotopes. We then use an acousto-optic modulator to span the frequency difference between the hyperfine transitions, and hence measure hyperfine structure in the 1P1{^{1}P}_{1}1P1​ state. Our precise values for the hyperfine constants, ${A}_{173}=57.693\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006\text{ }\text{MHz}$ and ${B}_{173}=609.028\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.056\text{ }\text{MHz}$, improve previous values significantly.
We measured by laser spectroscopy the isotope shifts between naturally occurring even isotopes of strontium ions for both the $5s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ (violet) and the $4d\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ (infrared) dipole-allowed optical transitions. Fluorescence spectra were taken by simultaneous measurements on a two-component Coulomb crystal in a linear Paul trap containing 103{10}^{3}103--104{10}^{4}104 laser-cooled Sr+{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}Sr+ ions. The isotope shifts are extracted from the experimental spectra by fitting the data with the analytical solution of the optical Bloch equations describing a three-level atom interacting with two laser beams. This technique allowed us to increase the precision with respect to previously reported data obtained by optogalvanic spectroscopy or fast atomic-beam techniques. The results for the $5s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ transition are ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{84}=+378(4)$ MHz and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{86}=+170(3)$ MHz, in agreement with previously reported measurements. In the case of the previously unexplored $4d\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ transition we find ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{84}=\ensuremath{-}828(4)$ MHz and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{86}=\ensuremath{-}402(2)$ MHz. These results provide more data for stringent tests of theoretical calculations of the isotope shifts of alkali-metal-like atoms. Moreover, they simplify the identification and the addressing of Sr+{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}Sr+ isotopes for ion frequency standards or quantum-information-processing applications in the case of multi-isotope ion strings.
We performed laser spectroscopy of In+{\mathrm{In}}^{+}In+ ions stored in a radio-frequency trap. The 5s2{\mathit{s}}^{2}s2 1^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s5p 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ transition at 230.6 nm was excited and its hyperfine splitting and isotope shift have been measured. The lifetime of the 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ state was measured using intensity modulated laser excitation: \ensuremath{\tau}(3{(}^{3}(3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​)=0.44(4) \ensuremath{\mu}s. A single indium ion was laser cooled using this intercombination line and dark periods in the fluorescence were observed when the metastable 3^{3}3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​ state was populated by a magnetic dipole decay from 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​. The radiative lifetime of the forbidden transition 3^{3}3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{1}$S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​ was determined from the duration of the dark periods: \ensuremath{\tau}(3{(}^{3}(3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​)=0.14(2) s. This value is compared to calculations based on perturbation theory. Prospects for an optical frequency standard using the narrow 5s2{\mathit{s}}^{2}s2 1^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s5p 3^{3}3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​ resonance at 236.5 nm of a single laser-cooled indium ion are discussed.
We performed laser spectroscopy of In+{\mathrm{In}}^{+}In+ ions stored in a radio-frequency trap. The 5s2{\mathit{s}}^{2}s2 1^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s5p 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ transition at 230.6 nm was excited and its hyperfine splitting and isotope shift have been measured. The lifetime of the 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ state was measured using intensity modulated laser excitation: \ensuremath{\tau}(3{(}^{3}(3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​)=0.44(4) \ensuremath{\mu}s. A single indium ion was laser cooled using this intercombination line and dark periods in the fluorescence were observed when the metastable 3^{3}3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​ state was populated by a magnetic dipole decay from 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​. The radiative lifetime of the forbidden transition 3^{3}3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{1}$S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​ was determined from the duration of the dark periods: \ensuremath{\tau}(3{(}^{3}(3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​)=0.14(2) s. This value is compared to calculations based on perturbation theory. Prospects for an optical frequency standard using the narrow 5s2{\mathit{s}}^{2}s2 1^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s5p 3^{3}3P0{\mathit{P}}_{0}P0​ resonance at 236.5 nm of a single laser-cooled indium ion are discussed.
We demonstrate launching of laser-cooled Yb atoms in a cold atomic fountain. Atoms in a collimated thermal beam are first cooled and captured in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) operating on the strongly allowed ${{}^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{}^{1}P}_{1}$ transition at 399 nm (blue line). They are then transferred to a MOT on the weakly allowed ${{}^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{}^{3}P}_{1}$ transition at 556 nm (green line). Cold atoms from the green MOT are launched against gravity at a velocity of around 2.5 m/s using a pair of green beams. We trap more than 107{10}^{7}107 atoms in the blue MOT and transfer up to 7070%70 into the green MOT. The temperature for the odd isotope 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb is  1mK~1 \mathrm{mK} 1mK in the blue MOT, and reduces by a factor of 40 in the green MOT.