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arXiv:1402.3390 · Physical Review A

Isotope shifts of natural Sr+ measured by laser fluorescence in a sympathetically cooled Coulomb crystal

B. Dubost, Romain Dubessy, Benjamin Szymanski, S. Guibal, J.-P. Likforman, Luca Guidoni

Published Mar 7, 2014• 12 citations
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Abstract

We measured by laser spectroscopy the isotope shifts between naturally occurring even isotopes of strontium ions for both the $5s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ (violet) and the $4d\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ (infrared) dipole-allowed optical transitions. Fluorescence spectra were taken by simultaneous measurements on a two-component Coulomb crystal in a linear Paul trap containing ${10}^{3}$--${10}^{4}$ laser-cooled ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ ions. The isotope shifts are extracted from the experimental spectra by fitting the data with the analytical solution of the optical Bloch equations describing a three-level atom interacting with two laser beams. This technique allowed us to increase the precision with respect to previously reported data obtained by optogalvanic spectroscopy or fast atomic-beam techniques. The results for the $5s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ transition are ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{84}=+378(4)$ MHz and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{86}=+170(3)$ MHz, in agreement with previously reported measurements. In the case of the previously unexplored $4d\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ transition we find ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{84}=\ensuremath{-}828(4)$ MHz and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{88}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{86}=\ensuremath{-}402(2)$ MHz. These results provide more data for stringent tests of theoretical calculations of the isotope shifts of alkali-metal-like atoms. Moreover, they simplify the identification and the addressing of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ isotopes for ion frequency standards or quantum-information-processing applications in the case of multi-isotope ion strings.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.89.032504

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We have developed an apparatus integrating resonance-ionization, ion-trap, and laser-cooling techniques for an ultratrace radioactive isotope 90Sr^{90}\mathrm{Sr}90Sr analysis. Trapped 90Sr+^{90}\mathrm{Sr}^{+}90Sr+ isotope ions were laser cooled, and their $4d\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{2}P_{1/2}$ transition isotope shift was experimentally measured to be $\ensuremath{-}281(17)$ MHz by comparing individual spectra of 88Sr+^{88}\mathrm{Sr}^{+}88Sr+ and 90Sr+^{90}\mathrm{Sr}^{+}90Sr+ ions. Crystallization of 90Sr+^{90}\mathrm{Sr}^{+}90Sr+ was carried out using the resonance frequency value confirmed in our experiment, and then 90Sr+^{90}\mathrm{Sr}^{+}90Sr+ individual ions were successfully observed.
Abstract Trapping and cooling of Sr + isotope ions by an all-diode-laser system has been demonstrated in order to develop a novel mass spectrometric technique in combination with ion trap-laser cooling. First, we constructed external cavity diode lasers and associated stabilization apparatus for laser cooling of Sr + ions. The transition frequencies confirmed by optogalvanic spectroscopy enabled successful cooling of 88 Sr + ions. An image of two trapped ions has been captured by CCD camera. Minor isotopes, 84 Sr + and 86 Sr + , were also cooled and trapped. From an analysis of the observed spectra of a string crystal of each isotope, the isotope shifts of the cooling transition (5s 2 S 1/2 → 5p 2 P 1/2 ) of Sr + ions were determined to be +371(8) MHz for Δν 84–88 and +169(8) MHz for Δν 86–88 . In the case of the repumping transition (4d 2 D 3/2 → 5p 2 P 1/2 ), Δν 84–88 and Δν 86–88 were measured to be −833(6) and −400(5) MHz, respectively. These values are in good agreement with previously reported values.
Spectroscopy of the 5s5p5s5p5s5p $ ^3 P_0 \rightarrow 5s5d$ $ ^3 D_1 $ transition of strontium using laser cooled atoms
This article presents spectroscopy results of the 5s5p  3P0→5s5d  3D15s5p{\;^3}P_0 \rightarrow 5s5d{\;^3}D_15s5p3P0​→5s5d3D1​ transition in all isotopes of laser cooled Sr atoms and the utility of this transition for repumping application. By employing the $5s5p{\;^{3} P_{0}} \rightarrow 5s5d{\;^3}D_1 $ (483 nm) transition in combination with the excitation of 5s5p  3P2→5s6s  3S15s5p{\;^3}P_2 \rightarrow 5s6s{\;^3}S_15s5p3P2​→5s6s3S1​ (707 nm) transition, we observe a significant increase (∼\sim∼ 13 fold) in the steady state number of atoms in the magneto-optic trap (MOT). This enhancement is attributed to the efficient repumping of Sr atoms that have decayed into the dark 5s5p  3P25s5p{\;^3}P_25s5p3P2​ state by returning them to the ground state 5s2  1S05s^2{\;^1}S_05s21S0​ without any loss into the other states. The absolute transition frequencies were measured with an absolute accuracy of 30 MHz. To support our measurements, we performed Fock-space relativistic coupled-cluster calculations of the relevant parameters in Sr. To further increase the accuracy of the calculated properties, corrections from the Breit, QED and perturbative triples were also included. The calculated branching ratio for the repumping state confirms the significantly increased population in the 3P1{^3}P_13P1​ state. Thereby, leading to an increase of population of atoms trapped due to the enhanced repumping. Our calculated hyperfine-splitting energies are in excellent agreement with the measured values. Moreover, our calculated isotope shifts in the transition frequencies are in good agreement with our measured values.
Cadmium ions (Cd+{\mathrm{Cd}}^{+}Cd+) have been cooled sympathetically below 1 K by means of Coulomb interactions with laser-cooled Be+{\mathrm{Be}}^{+}Be+ ions that are trapped simultaneously in a Penning trap. The ultraviolet resonance lines (5s2{\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{}2}s2S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}5p2{\mathit{p}}^{\mathrm{}2}p2P3/2{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}P3/2​, \ensuremath{\lambda}=214.5 nm) of the cooled Cd+{\mathrm{Cd}}^{+}Cd+ ions were observed using a frequency-doubled cw dye laser. This radiation is based on efficient frequency doubling in a nonlinear crystal [\ensuremath{\beta}-BaB2{\mathrm{BaB}}_{2}BaB2​O4{\mathrm{O}}_{4}O4​ (BBO)] with an external enhancement cavity. The spectra of the six isotopes (A=110--114, and 116) were obtained using a natural isotope mixture, and the reliability of the measured isotope shifts is discussed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Abstract This article presents spectroscopy results of the 5 s 5 p 3 P 0 → 5 s 5 d 3 D 1 transition in all isotopes of laser cooled Sr atoms and the utility of this transition for repumping application. By employing the 5 s 5 p 3 P 0 → 5 s 5 d 3 D 1 (483 nm) transition in combination with the excitation of 5 s 5 p 3 P 2 → 5 s 6 s 3 S 1 (707 nm) transition, we observe a significant increase (∼13 fold) in the steady state number of atoms in the magneto-optic trap. This enhancement is attributed to the efficient repumping of Sr atoms that have decayed into the dark 5 s 5 p 3 P 2 state by returning them to the ground state 5 s 2 1 S 0 without any loss into the other states. The absolute transition frequencies were measured with an absolute accuracy of 30 MHz. To support our measurements, we performed Fock-space relativistic coupled-cluster calculations of the relevant parameters in Sr To further increase the accuracy of the calculated properties, corrections from the Breit, quantum electrodynamical and perturbative triples were also included. The calculated branching ratio for the repumping state confirms the significantly increased population in the 3 P 1 state. Thereby, leading to an increase of population of atoms trapped due to the enhanced repumping. Our calculated hyperfine-splitting energies are in excellent agreement with the measured values. Moreover, our calculated isotope shifts in the transition frequencies are in good agreement with our measured values.
We demonstrate that laser cooling, combined with VVV-scheme optical double-resonance spectroscopy, provides a sensitive means to measure isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings. Our technique is illustrated using the 398.8-nm ${(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{1}{P}_{1}$ and 555.6-nm ${(6s}^{2}{)}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)}^{3}{P}_{1}$ transitions in a neutral ytterbium atomic beam having natural isotopic composition. With a precision comparable to existing approaches, our unique method has enabled the most complete single-technique survey to date of the ${}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}}^{1}{P}_{1}$ isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings.