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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Variations of intensity in Rb D2line at weak/intermediate fields

M. Ummal Momeen, G. K. Rangarajan, Pranawa C. Deshmukh

Published Jul 25, 2007• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Zeeman splitting in the D 2 line of rubidium atoms ( 87 Rb and 85 Rb) has been studied using 'Doppler broadened' as well as 'saturation absorption spectroscopy'. While a linearly polarized beam was used for the former experiment, in the latter case a (π, σ ± ) polarization configuration was employed for both pump and probe beams. Zeeman lines have been observed by applying a field up to 5 mT. The field variation of relative line intensities in Doppler-broadened spectrum was determined following Tremblay et al and Nakayama's four-level model. For the saturation spectrum, a four-level model was used. Because the enhancement of absorption at the field is as low as 1 mT, the F g = 2 to F e = 3 transition for 87 Rb can be used as the reference for laser locking. Level crossing is observed in 85 Rb at fields less than 5 mT.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/40/15/015

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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Aug 10, 2009•14 citations
Zeeman splitting in the D 2 line of rubidium atoms ( 87 Rb and 85 Rb) has been studied using 'Doppler broadened' as well as 'saturation absorption spectroscopy'. While a linearly polarized beam was used for the former experiment, in the latter case a (π, σ ± ) polarization configuration was employed for both pump and probe beams. Zeeman lines have been observed by applying a field up to 5 mT. The field variation of relative line intensities in Doppler-broadened spectrum was determined following Tremblay et al and Nakayama's four-level model. For the saturation spectrum, a four-level model was used. Because the enhancement of absorption at the field is as low as 1 mT, the F g = 2 to F e = 3 transition for 87 Rb can be used as the reference for laser locking. Level crossing is observed in 85 Rb at fields less than 5 mT.
We present the variation of intensity in Doppler-free hyperfine lines for rubidium atoms with the application of magnetic field. Different polarization configurations have been studied systematically with varying magnetic fields. There is a significant increase in the intensity variation with applied magnetic field related to different polarization configurations. These variations are explained with the theoretical calculations. The calculations are performed by adopting Nakayama's four level model with the varying magnetic field induced transition probability.
Using an external cavity-tuned diode laser in Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy, we are able to resolve the weak-field Zeeman splittings in the hyperfine levels of the rubidium D1 line. The number of lines observed in the Zeeman structure of rubidium and their measured energy-level splittings are as expected from theory. The measured amplitudes of the saturated-absorption signals, crossover resonances, and velocity-selective optical pumping signals are used in the analysis of various theories concerning saturated-absorption spectroscopy.
The commonly quoted saturation intensity of rubidium (Rb) for D2 transitions is 16.7W.m−2\mathrm{W}.\mathrm{m}^{-2}W.m−2. This value, however, is only accurate for the cycling transition, which renders the Rb atom to resemble a two-level system. In practice, the effective saturation intensity is influenced by various factors, such as the polarization of light, optical pumping, and atom collision which can redistribute the population. As a result, it is crucial to experimentally determine the effective saturation intensity. In this context, we demonstrate a novel yet simple experimental method to measure the effective saturation intensities of Doppler-broadened transitions in atomic vapours. Our method only requires on-resonance absorbance data for various input laser intensities, which can be obtained with a tunable CW laser without the need for precise frequency locking. We applied this method to measure the effective saturation intensities of all four Doppler-broadened D2 transitions in natural rubidium (Rb) vapour (27.8%87Rb and 72.2 %85Rb{}^{\text{8}} {}^{\text{5}}Rb85Rb) atr=35∘Cr={35}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}r=35∘C. The results show that the effective saturation intensities for Rb range from 0.752 to 16.8W.m−2\mathrm{W}.\mathrm{m}^{-2}W.m−2. Notably, for certain transitions (specifically, repump transitions), the effective saturation intensities were smaller than 16.7 W.m−2\mathrm{m}^{-2}m−2(up to an order of magnitude), with potentially important implications for optical pumping in Doppler-broadened transitions.
Abstract. We study the Doppler-broadened absorption of a weak monochromatic probe beam in a thermal rubidium vapour cell on the D lines. A detailed model of the susceptibility is developed which takes into account the absolute linestrengths of the allowed electric dipole transitions and the motion of the atoms parallel to the probe beam. All transitions from both hyperfine levels of the ground term of both isotopes are incorporated. The absorption and refractive index as a function of frequency are expressed in terms of the complementary error function. The absolute absorption profiles are compared with experiment, and are found to be in excellent agreement provided a sufficiently weak probe beam with an intensity under one thousandth of the saturation intensity is used. The importance of hyperfine pumping for open transitions is discussed in the context of achieving the weak-probe limit. Theory and experiment show excellent agreement, with an rms error better than 0.2 % for the D2 line at 16.5 ◦ C. PACS numbers: 32.70.-n, 32.70.Fw, 42.62.FiAbsolute Rb absorption 2 1.
In this paper the saturation spectra of rubidium vapour at room temperature, obtained with overlapped co-propagating laser beams, were examined. Unlike the standard saturation spectroscopy, here the transmission of the pump laser beam was detected. The pump laser was locked to an atomic transition of the D2 line, while the probe laser frequency was scanned in a wide frequency range. The pump and probe beams had approximately the same intensities; thus the probe laser can saturate transitions and contribute to optical pumping. This, together with Doppler broadening, leads to rich pump transmission spectra, with many lines appearing due to the interaction of lasers with atoms in different velocity groups. The advantages of this method are well-resolved structures and appearance of spectral lines on a flat, Doppler-free background. Agreement between experimental and theoretical results shows the usefulness of this simple model, based on the rate equations, for identification of lines and determination of relative contribution to the observed line intensity from atoms with different velocities. Theoretical spectra are a useful tool for the calibration of experimental spectra obtained by a nonlinear dependence of the laser frequency on the voltage applied to the piezo used for the laser diode frequency scanning.
We present an experimental and theoretical study of the transmission of a π (or σ + ) polarized laser beam for a Doppler broadened rubidium vapor cell. The transmission of the laser beam for the D 2 transition line of 85 Rb atoms was measured as a function of the laser frequency for various laser intensities. The observed spectra were compared with calculation, taking into account both the Gaussian beam profile and the fact that atoms were measured while crossing the laser beam. We found excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated results. We also investigated different operating mechanisms of variation of transmission for each transition line.