Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Rubidium frequency standard with two-frequency laser pumping scheme

Georgy A. Kazakov, Boris G. Matisov

Published Apr 3, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we compare two different excitation schemes of rubidium gas-cell frequency standard. We provide the stability estimations for one-frequency and two-frequency pumping schemes. Our calculations show the significant improvement of stability in the case of two-frequency scheme. It concerned with the absence of 'pockets' ('trap' states) and therefore with more efficient population collection on one of the working sublevels for two-pumping scheme.

DOI
10.1117/12.676309

Related papers

Comparison of achievable performances as regards rubidium gas cell frequency standards with continuous and pulse laser pumping and with coherent population trapping

V. S. Zholnerov, A. Besedina, Georgy A. Kazakov

We report the results of mathematical modeling the frequency stability for three types of rubidium gas cell frequency standards : with continuous and pulse laser pumping and with coherent population trapping (CPT). A critical point for using laser pumping in RFS which defines essentially the frequency stability is the influence of laser emission's frequency fluctuations. The effect of these fluctuations on frequency stability of RFS variants' considered is analyzed. Based on studies performed, the achievable stability for these RFS variants are compared.

Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)•Apr 1, 2009•1 citation

Potential for improving the Rubidium Frequency Standard with a novel optical pumping scheme using diode lasers

Natarajan D. Bhaskar

Frequency stability of a Rubidium Frequency Standard (RFS) is directly related to the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the microwave-induced (6834 MHz) optical signal which is proportional to the fractional atomic population difference between the two M/sub F/=0 ground state sublevels of /sup 87/Rb. In the present RFSs this fractional population difference is small (>

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control•Jan 1, 1995•17 citations

Potential for improving the rubidium frequency standard with a novel optical pumping scheme using diode lasers

Natarajan D. Bhaskar

It is experimentally demonstrated that, using diode lasers for optical pumping and RF /spl pi/-pulses for population transfer, nearly all of the ground state Rb atoms in a vapor cell can be concentrated into one of the two M/sub F/ = 0 sublevels. The fractional population difference /spl Delta/ between the two M/sub F/ = 0 levels can be made as high as 1. This should result in a very significant improvement (about a factor of 100) in the S/N over the conventional discharge-lamp-pumped rubidium frequency standards (RFSs). This would lead to a substantial improvement in the short-term stability of the RFS. This is a pulsed population transfer scheme. The microwave interrogation takes place in the absence of strong pumping light. This has the potential for eliminating the light shift and thereby improving the long-term frequency stability of a an RFS.>

Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)•Dec 30, 2002•0 citations

Fundamental stability limits for the diode-laser-pumped rubidium atomic frequency standard

James C. Camparo, R. P. Frueholz

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use of single-mode diode lasers in atomic frequency standards. In the present paper theoretical calculations are performed in order to quantify the expected performance improvement upon incorporation of diode lasers in rubidium gas cell atomic frequency standards. We assume that clock signal shot noise, the diode laser’s quantum noise, and diode laser frequency locking noise all contribute to the atomic frequency standard’s stability. Our results indicate that white-noise Allan variances of ∼6×10−15/(τ)1/2 are possible if enhanced cavity Q diode lasers are employed, whereas for presently available commercial diode lasers we predict white-noise Allan variances of ∼3×10−14/(τ)1/2. These variances represent a 2–3 orders of magnitude improvement in frequency stability over that currently obtained with rubidium gas cell atomic clocks.

Journal of Applied Physics•May 15, 1986•64 citations

Gas-cell atomic clocks for space: new results and alternative schemes

C. Affolderbach, Evelina Breschi, C. Schori +1 more

We present our development activities on compact Rubidium gas-cell atomic frequency standards, for use in space-borne and ground-based applications. We experimentally demonstrate a high-performance laser optically-pumped Rb clock for space applications such as telecommunications, science missions, and satellite navigation systems (e.g. GALILEO). Using a stabilised laser source and optimized gas cells, we reach clock stabilities as low as 1.5·10-12 τ-1/2 up to 103 s and 4·10-14 at 104 s. The results demonstrate the feasibility of a laser-pumped Rb clock reaching < 1·10-12 τ-1/2 in a compact device (<2 liters, 2 kg, 20 W), given optimization of the implemented techniques. A second activity concerns more radically miniaturized gas-cell clocks, aiming for low power consumption and a total volume around 1 cm3 , at the expense of relaxed frequency stability. Here miniaturized “chip-scale” vapour cells and use of coherent laser interrogation techniques are at the heart of the investigations.

International Conference on Space Optics (ICSO)•Nov 21, 2017•2 citations

Light shift compensation in a Rb gas cell frequency standard with two-laser pumping

Jinquan Deng

One of the most important physical processes occurring in Rb frequency standards is the light shift, which depends strongly on the intensity and the optical frequency detuning of the pumping light. This paper presents a method to compensate the light shift by means of two-laser pumping. The two-laser pumping schemes will also improve the signal-to-noise ratio, because almost all atoms can be pumped to the desired state.

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control•Nov 1, 2001•19 citations
In this paper we compare two different excitation schemes of rubidium gas-cell frequency standard. We provide the stability estimations for one-frequency and two-frequency pumping schemes. Our calculations show the significant improvement of stability in the case of two-frequency scheme. It concerned with the absence of 'pockets' ('trap' states) and therefore with more efficient population collection on one of the working sublevels for two-pumping scheme.
We report the results of mathematical modeling the frequency stability for three types of rubidium gas cell frequency standards : with continuous and pulse laser pumping and with coherent population trapping (CPT). A critical point for using laser pumping in RFS which defines essentially the frequency stability is the influence of laser emission's frequency fluctuations. The effect of these fluctuations on frequency stability of RFS variants' considered is analyzed. Based on studies performed, the achievable stability for these RFS variants are compared.
It is experimentally demonstrated that, using diode lasers for optical pumping and RF /spl pi/-pulses for population transfer, nearly all of the ground state Rb atoms in a vapor cell can be concentrated into one of the two M/sub F/ = 0 sublevels. The fractional population difference /spl Delta/ between the two M/sub F/ = 0 levels can be made as high as 1. This should result in a very significant improvement (about a factor of 100) in the S/N over the conventional discharge-lamp-pumped rubidium frequency standards (RFSs). This would lead to a substantial improvement in the short-term stability of the RFS. This is a pulsed population transfer scheme. The microwave interrogation takes place in the absence of strong pumping light. This has the potential for eliminating the light shift and thereby improving the long-term frequency stability of a an RFS.>
Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use of single-mode diode lasers in atomic frequency standards. In the present paper theoretical calculations are performed in order to quantify the expected performance improvement upon incorporation of diode lasers in rubidium gas cell atomic frequency standards. We assume that clock signal shot noise, the diode laser’s quantum noise, and diode laser frequency locking noise all contribute to the atomic frequency standard’s stability. Our results indicate that white-noise Allan variances of ∼6×10−15/(τ)1/2 are possible if enhanced cavity Q diode lasers are employed, whereas for presently available commercial diode lasers we predict white-noise Allan variances of ∼3×10−14/(τ)1/2. These variances represent a 2–3 orders of magnitude improvement in frequency stability over that currently obtained with rubidium gas cell atomic clocks.
We present our development activities on compact Rubidium gas-cell atomic frequency standards, for use in space-borne and ground-based applications. We experimentally demonstrate a high-performance laser optically-pumped Rb clock for space applications such as telecommunications, science missions, and satellite navigation systems (e.g. GALILEO). Using a stabilised laser source and optimized gas cells, we reach clock stabilities as low as 1.5·10-12 τ-1/2 up to 103 s and 4·10-14 at 104 s. The results demonstrate the feasibility of a laser-pumped Rb clock reaching < 1·10-12 τ-1/2 in a compact device (<2 liters, 2 kg, 20 W), given optimization of the implemented techniques. A second activity concerns more radically miniaturized gas-cell clocks, aiming for low power consumption and a total volume around 1 cm3 , at the expense of relaxed frequency stability. Here miniaturized “chip-scale” vapour cells and use of coherent laser interrogation techniques are at the heart of the investigations.