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Laser Physics

Laser frequency stabilization on 5 P → 5 D transition by double resonance optical pumping and two-photon transition spectroscopy in rubidium

Jinpeng Yuan, Shichao Dong, Lirong Wang, Liantuan Xiao, Suotang Jia

Published Dec 20, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We present a laser frequency locking scheme for the high excited transition of rubidium, which cannot be directly referenced by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy and two-photon transition spectroscopy of a 5 S → 5 P → 5 D transition are obtained in a room temperature vapor cell and employed as the reference sources. An Allan deviation of 1.71 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.2 MHz over 7000 s is obtained by two-photon transition spectroscopy. The case of double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy presents an Allan deviation of 4.86 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.4 MHz over 7000 s. One distinct advantage of two-photon transition spectroscopy method is demonstrated by the analysis of the fast Fourier transform of error signal. A narrower full width at half-maximum of two-photon transition spectroscopy and a higher zero crossing slope by using a frequency modulation method lead to a better frequency stabilization. This work provides a technical basis for the laser frequency stabilization based on atomic and molecular transition spectroscopy, and it also supplies a new frequency standard for optical telecommunication applications.

DOI
10.1088/1555-6611/ab5e25

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Physica Scripta•Nov 7, 2013•3 citations
Abstract We present a laser frequency locking scheme for the high excited transition of rubidium, which cannot be directly referenced by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy and two-photon transition spectroscopy of a 5 S → 5 P → 5 D transition are obtained in a room temperature vapor cell and employed as the reference sources. An Allan deviation of 1.71 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.2 MHz over 7000 s is obtained by two-photon transition spectroscopy. The case of double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy presents an Allan deviation of 4.86 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.4 MHz over 7000 s. One distinct advantage of two-photon transition spectroscopy method is demonstrated by the analysis of the fast Fourier transform of error signal. A narrower full width at half-maximum of two-photon transition spectroscopy and a higher zero crossing slope by using a frequency modulation method lead to a better frequency stabilization. This work provides a technical basis for the laser frequency stabilization based on atomic and molecular transition spectroscopy, and it also supplies a new frequency standard for optical telecommunication applications.
We demonstrate the spectra of 87Rb 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D3/2(4D5/2) transitions by utilizing the double-resonance optical-pumping(DROP) and optical-optical double-resonance(OODR) techniques,respectively.The DROP spectrum,compared with the traditional OODR spectrum,shows a much better signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and narrower linewidth.When frequency of 1 529 nm external-cavity diode laser is stabilized to the DROP spectrum of 87Rb 5P3/2(F′=3)-4D3/2(F″=3) transition,the preliminary result of residual frequency jitter after being locked is～0.65 MHz within 300 s.This result is clearly much better than that in case of frequency stabilized by using OODR scheme(～1.8 MHz within 300 s).
In this work, we address the issue of the suitability of blue fluorescent light as a frequency offset reference during the ladder-level excitation 5S1/2→5P3/2→5D3/2 of Rb85 atoms. A simple pump–probe spectroscopy experiment is performed to generate non-degenerate blue light emission produced by the spontaneous decay route 5D3/2→6P3/2→5S1/2. By varying the relative intensity of the pump–probe combination, we can hover between regimes dominated by mechanisms such as double resonance optical pumping (DROP) and Autler–Townes splitting. The efficacy of the blue fluorescence (420 nm) as a frequency offset reference is pronounced under the DROP regime due to its narrow (∼natural) linewidth. To provide further insight into the stability performance, the pump laser connecting the 5P3/2→5D3/2 transition is stabilized to the peak of the blue light with the help of a probe stabilized to the saturation absorption signal of the 5S1/2→5P3/2 transition. For this purpose, we used the coherence-induced modulation transfer technique. The error frequency noise power spectra and the subsequent Allan variance calculation clearly show that probe fluctuations are transferred to the pump laser because of an existing two-photon coherent coupling.
The utilization of atomic or molecular spectroscopy for frequency locking of single-frequency laser to improve laser frequency stability plays an important role in the experimental investigation of optically pumped atomic magnetometers, atomic clocks, laser cooling and trapping of atoms, etc. We have experimentally demonstrated a technique for frequency stabilization of a single-frequency laser employing the bright state spectroscopy (BSS) with a rubidium atomic vapor cell. By utilizing the counter-propagating dual-frequency 795 nm laser beams with mutually orthogonal linear polarization and a frequency difference of 6.834 GHz, which is equal to the hyperfine splitting of rubidium-87 ground state 5S1/2, an absorption-enhanced signal with narrow linewidth at the center of Doppler-broadened transmission spectroscopy is observed when continuous scanning the laser frequency over rubidium-87 D1 transition. This is the so-called BSS. Amplitude of the absorption-enhanced signal in the BSS is much larger compared with the conventional saturation absorption spectroscopy (SAS). The relationship between linewidth and amplitude of the BSS signal and laser beam intensity has been investigated. This high-contrast absorption-enhanced BSS signal has been employed for the laser frequency stabilization. The experimental results show that the frequency stability is 4.4×10−11 with an integration time of 40 s, near one order of magnitude better than that for using the SAS.
In recent years, we are observing substantial efforts towards the miniaturization of atomic cells to a millimeter scale and below, with the ultimate goal of enabling efficient and compact light vapor interactions. However, such miniaturization results in a reduction in optical path, effectively reducing the contrast of the optical signal. In order to overcome this obstacle, we have introduced and demonstrated a new approach of fluorescence double resonance optical pumping (FDROP) in the ladder-type atomic system. We have developed a theoretical model to predict the FDROP spectrum and validated this model using experimental results in a millimeter-size cell. We show that the contrast of fluorescence signal of the FDROP approach is higher than the transmission signal in the double resonance optical pumping approach. Taking advantage of this desired property, we have used the FDROP for the purpose of stabilizing the frequency of a laser operating at the telecom waveband with the hyperfine structure of the 5P 3/2 –4D 5/2 transition in a millimeter-size cell. By beating the stabilized laser to another stabilized laser, we obtained frequency instability floor of 9 × 10 −10 at around 1000 s in terms of Allan deviation. Such sources which are stabilized to miniaturized cells may play an important building block in diverse fields ranging e.g. from communication to metrology.
We demonstrate the spectra of 87Rb 5S1/2 - 5P3/2 - 4D3/2 transitions by utilizing the double-resonance optical-pumping (DROP) and optical-optical double-resonance (OODR) techniques, respectively. The DROP spectrum, compared with the traditional OODR spectrum, show a much better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Paying special attention to the influence of alignment of lasers where the coupling and probe beams are counter-propagation and co-propagation on DROP spectrum, so as to further narrow the spectral width by means of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). When -the frequency of 1.5μm fiber-pigtailed butterfly-type distributed-feedback (DFB) diode laser is stabilized to the DROP spectrum of 87Rb 5P3/2 - 4D3/2 transition, the preliminary result of residual frequency jitter after stabilization is ~ ±1.3 MHz within 60 s.
In this report, we present an experimental investigation on atomic frequency offset locking (AFOL) of a laser under ladder ( ) level coupling scheme.The 5S 1/2 → 5P 3/2 → 5D 5/2 two-photon transition manifold of the rubidium (Rb) atom is chosen to demonstrate the performance of stabilization scheme in terms of frequency stability and tunability.The coherent pump-probe spectroscopy performed on the 5S → 5P → 5D levels results in signatures of two-photon absorption (TPA) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT).Here the pump laser is locked to the fringe of a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer with the help of frequency modulation spectroscopy.The probe laser is subsequently stabilized on the resulting EIT (TPA) signals.It is found that the probe laser attains relative frequency stability σ (2, τ ) ∼ 1.4 × 10 -12 (2.0 × 10 -12 ) as a square root of Allan variance calculated from the frequency noise power density S ν ( f ) under closed-loop condition.Further, the current locking scheme has wide tuning range {Doppler width of 5S 1/2 (F = 2 → 5P 3/2 (F ) transition manifold.This particular tunable AFOL (TAFOL) scheme can provide large tuning range without compromising the frequency stability and such implementation of TAFOL may open new opportunities in research areas like metrology, ultra precision coherent spectroscopy, etc.