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IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

Potential for improving the Rubidium Frequency Standard with a novel optical pumping scheme using diode lasers

Natarajan D. Bhaskar

Published Jan 1, 1995• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Frequency stability of a Rubidium Frequency Standard (RFS) is directly related to the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the microwave-induced (6834 MHz) optical signal which is proportional to the fractional atomic population difference between the two M/sub F/=0 ground state sublevels of /sup 87/Rb. In the present RFSs this fractional population difference is small (>

DOI
10.1109/58.368318

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Potential for improving the rubidium frequency standard with a novel optical pumping scheme using diode lasers

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Chinese Journal of Lasers•Jan 1, 2002•3 citations
Frequency stability of a Rubidium Frequency Standard (RFS) is directly related to the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the microwave-induced (6834 MHz) optical signal which is proportional to the fractional atomic population difference between the two M/sub F/=0 ground state sublevels of /sup 87/Rb. In the present RFSs this fractional population difference is small (>
It is experimentally demonstrated that, using diode lasers for optical pumping and RF /spl pi/-pulses for population transfer, nearly all of the ground state Rb atoms in a vapor cell can be concentrated into one of the two M/sub F/ = 0 sublevels. The fractional population difference /spl Delta/ between the two M/sub F/ = 0 levels can be made as high as 1. This should result in a very significant improvement (about a factor of 100) in the S/N over the conventional discharge-lamp-pumped rubidium frequency standards (RFSs). This would lead to a substantial improvement in the short-term stability of the RFS. This is a pulsed population transfer scheme. The microwave interrogation takes place in the absence of strong pumping light. This has the potential for eliminating the light shift and thereby improving the long-term frequency stability of a an RFS.>
The /sup 87/Rb cell frequency standard, optically pumped by a laser diode, is of great interest in the development of high short-term stability oscillators. We report experiments performed on a rubidium cell prototype aiming at evaluate the transfer of the laser noise to the hyperfine clock transition via the light shift effect, which appears to be the main contribution to the observed short term frequency stability in this kind of standard. Pulsed optical pumping will also be examined in order to strongly reduce the light shift effect and to achieve the theoretical limit never approached up to now despite the strong detected microwave signals.
We report the results of mathematical modeling the frequency stability for three types of rubidium gas cell frequency standards : with continuous and pulse laser pumping and with coherent population trapping (CPT). A critical point for using laser pumping in RFS which defines essentially the frequency stability is the influence of laser emission's frequency fluctuations. The effect of these fluctuations on frequency stability of RFS variants' considered is analyzed. Based on studies performed, the achievable stability for these RFS variants are compared.