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Applied Physics Letters

Optical bistability and multistability in one-dimensional periodic metal-dielectric photonic crystal

F. Y. Wang, Guixin Li, Hoi Lam Tam, Kok‐Wai Cheah, S. N. Zhu

Published May 26, 2008• 60 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The optical bistability and multistability in one-dimensional photonic crystal with the periodic metal-dielectric structure is investigated theoretically. In linear transmission, a structure with N periods will support N−1 resonant modes which correspond to the transmission peaks. Strong localized effect in these resonant modes is obtained. Optical bistability and multistability can be achieved when the incident wavelength is close to a resonance, which can be seen as an effect of the dynamic shifting of the wavelength of the resonant modes. It is found that the threshold for optical bistability in the periodic resonant structure is lower than the nonresonant metal-dielectric structure.

DOI
10.1063/1.2938060

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The optical bistability and multistability in one-dimensional photonic crystal with the periodic metal-dielectric structure is investigated theoretically. In linear transmission, a structure with N periods will support N−1 resonant modes which correspond to the transmission peaks. Strong localized effect in these resonant modes is obtained. Optical bistability and multistability can be achieved when the incident wavelength is close to a resonance, which can be seen as an effect of the dynamic shifting of the wavelength of the resonant modes. It is found that the threshold for optical bistability in the periodic resonant structure is lower than the nonresonant metal-dielectric structure.
Optical bistability device based on nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystals is designed and manufactured. The device has 20 periods and is made from ZnS and ZnSe layers alternately. When the incident power density reach threshold power density 1.0 × 105 W/cm2, the Ar ion laser, whose wavelength is 514.5 nm, is shifted out of the optical band gap of the one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals, so an optical switch is made. It also can be made into an optical bistability device. The threshold power density of the optical bistability is 1.38 × 105 W/cm2 and its switching time is about 100 ps in experiment. The experimental results are in good accordance with the theoretical ones.
We study optical bistability and multistability in multilayer coupled-cavity thin film structures comprised of high-index and low-index materials. The reduction of the bistable threshold and necessary index change are studied as functions of structural parameters by explicitly mapping the evolution of transmission and phase. We find that the coupled-cavity structure has no clear advantage over single-cavity structures for bistable operation. However, there is an advantage in using coupled-cavity structures for multistability in that the threshold for multistability can be reduced.
We study the optical bistable properties in one-dimensional photonic crystal with symmetric structure (AB)N(D)M(BA)N, where A is high refractive index medium, B is low refractive index medium, D is defect layer, N is the number of layer periods at the left and right of the defect layer. M determines the thickness of the defect layer with Kerr medium. First, we analyze mechanisms producing bistability by the structure consisted of a nonlinear layer sandwiched between Bragg reflectors. Then by using the transfer matrix method, we calculate numerically the threshold value of the bistability switching in one-dimensional photonic crystals with structure (AB)N(D)M(BA)N. The investigations show that the number of layer periods (N) and the thickness of the defect layer (M) influence the threshold value of the bistability switching. We confirm the parameter of the bistability switching to produce the lower threshold value.
It is studied the defect mode and bistability properties of a nonlinear medium sandwiched between Bragg reflectors composed of one-dimensional photonic crystal by numerical calculation and theoretical analysis.The influence of defect layer thickness and quasi-periodic Bragg reflectors on defect mode and bistability is discussed.It is revealed that the defect mode shift to lower frequency when the increasing thickness of defect layer or refractive index of Bragg reflectors.Hence microcavity resonant mode is superposition with incident wave mode at lower incident intensity,and produce the bistability with lower threshold.The numerical calculation results accord with theoretical analysis.It is significant for design of photonic crystal microcavity.