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Chinese Optics Letters

Efficient frequency doubling of a telecom 1560 nm laser in a waveguide and frequency stabilization to Rb D2 line

Yashuai Han, Shanlong Guo, 王杰 Wang Jie, Huifeng Liu, Jun He, Junmin Wang

Published Jan 1, 2014• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate efficient frequency doubling of a telecom 1560 nm distributed feedback diode laser with a 3 cm long MgO:PPLN waveguide with a conversion coefficient of 114%/W.We investigate optical inhomogeneities by measuring the quasi-phase-matching temperature curve.The ~2.7 mW of second-harmonic power at 780 nm is sufficient to detect the Rb D 2 features using modulation transfer spectroscopy.The laser frequency is locked to a hyperfine transition of Rb D 2 line and typical residual frequency fluctuation of ±86 kHz (rms) is achieved within 30 min.Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing robust, compact, and highly accurate Rb stabilized 1560 nm laser systems for fiber-optic communication applications.

DOI
10.3788/col201412.121401

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We experimentally demonstrate efficient frequency doubling of a telecom 1560 nm distributed feedback diode laser with a 3 cm long MgO:PPLN waveguide with a conversion coefficient of 114%/W.We investigate optical inhomogeneities by measuring the quasi-phase-matching temperature curve.The ~2.7 mW of second-harmonic power at 780 nm is sufficient to detect the Rb D 2 features using modulation transfer spectroscopy.The laser frequency is locked to a hyperfine transition of Rb D 2 line and typical residual frequency fluctuation of ±86 kHz (rms) is achieved within 30 min.Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing robust, compact, and highly accurate Rb stabilized 1560 nm laser systems for fiber-optic communication applications.
The modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) technique used to stabilize two different transition lines of rubidium, required for laser cooling of atoms, is investigated. The laser source is based on a 1560 nm semiconductor laser diode that is amplified by an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The laser output is frequency doubled with a fiber coupled periodically poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) crystal to 780 nm. To address the weak spectral features of repumping laser, a theoretical study is conducted followed by experimental verification. The 87Rb D2 line F = 1 → F' = 0 transition temperature-enhanced MTS signal is observed, which provides a choice to stabilize the repumping laser frquency on the F = 1 → F ' = 2 transition using frequency shifting with acousto-optic modulators (AOMs). Compared with the orignal MTS signal, this method is shown to be more stable and accurate for laser frequency locking. Laer frequency locking is realized by controlling the driving current of the seed laser using digital PID feedback. After locking, the laser linewidth is 35.36 kHz.
Improvements in the power level of sources near 1550 nm and in the efficiency of waveguide frequency doublers enabled us to lock a frequency-doubled source directly to the 5S(1/2) ? 5D(5/2) two-photon transitions near 778 nm. We obtained a sufficiently powerful second-harmonic signal, exceeding 2 mW, by doubling an external-cavity diode laser that was amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier in a periodically poled LiNbO(3) channel waveguide. Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing compact, high-performance frequency standards near 1550 nm for fiber-optic communication and sensing applications.
The laser uses a 1560nm distributed feedback semiconductor laser as the seed source, which is then amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The amplified laser is subsequently frequency-doubled to 780nm using a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. A fully fiber-optic modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) frequency stabilization system was constructed, locking onto the crossover peak for the 87Rb 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0, 1. The system's performance was evaluated by beat measurements with a commercial MTS module locking onto the 87Rb D2 transition line 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0.The final result shows a beat signal linewidth of 29kHz. The frequency stability at an integration time of one second is 8 × 10-11, and the frequency stability reaches 3 × 10-11 at an integration time of up to 1000 seconds.
To transfer and expand in the optical telecommunication range the accurate 5S1/2(F = 3) – 5D5/2 (F = 5) rubidium frequency reference at 778 nm (385.285 THz), we employ a second harmonic generation (SHG) process coupled to an optical frequency comb (OFC) both based on the use of a low power and narrow linewidth laser diode operating around 1556 nm. The Rb optical frequency reference is known with an accuracy of 2.6 × 10−12 and exhibits a frequency stability of 4 × 10−13τ−1/2, with a Flicker plateau of 2 × 10−14 for τ > 200 s. With 20 mW of laser power at 1556 nm, we perform a SHG process in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal and we obtain 6.5 μW of harmonic radiation at 778 nm, used to phase lock the IR laser against a Rb optical frequency standard (OFS). This Rb-referenced fundamental radiation at 1556 nm is duplicated as 34 lines spaced by 10 GHz using an electro-optic phase modulator (EOM). This preliminary result is mainly limited by unexpected high optical losses in the Fabry Perot cavity, which comprises the EOM.
Characterization of Frequency-Doubled 1.5-μ\muμ m Lasers for High-Performance Rb Clocks
We report on the characterization of two fiber-coupled 1.5-μm diode lasers, frequency-doubled and stabilized to Rubidium (Rb) atomic resonances at 780 nm. Such laser systems are of interest in view of their implementation in Rb vapor-cell atomic clocks, as an alternative to lasers emitting directly at 780 nm. The spectral properties and the instabilities of the frequency-doubled lasers are evaluated against a state-of-the-art compact Rb-stabilized laser system based on a distributed-feedback laser diode emitting at 780 nm. All three lasers are frequency stabilized using essentially identical Doppler-free spectroscopy schemes. The long-term optical power fluctuations at 780 nm are measured, simultaneously with the frequency instability measurements done by three beat notes established between the three lasers. One of the frequency-doubled laser systems shows at 780 nm excellent spectral properties. Its relative intensity noise-12Hz-1is one order of magnitude lower than the reference 780-nm laser, and the frequency noise6Hz2/Hz is limited by the laser current source. Its optical frequency instability is-12at τ = 1 s, limited by the reference laser, and better than 1 × 10-11at all timescales up to one day. We also evaluate the impact of the laser spectral properties and instabilities on the Rb atomic clock performance, in particular taking into account the light-shift effect. Optical power instabilities on long-term timescales, largely originating from the frequency-doubling stage, are identified as a limitation in view of high-performance Rb atomic clocks.